• Auxins: Stimulate cell elongation, regulate apical dominance, promote phototropism and gravitropism. Production: Synthesized in shoot tips, young leaves, and developing seeds.

• Cytokinins: Promote cell division, delay aging (senescence), enhance nutrient mobilization, and counteract apical dominance. Production: Produced in actively growing tissues like roots, embryos, and fruits.

• Gibberellins: Stimulate stem elongation, promote seed germination, regulate flowering and fruit development. Production: Synthesized in roots, young leaves, and seeds.

• Ethylene: Regulate fruit ripening, leaf and flower senescence, and response to stress (e.g., flooding, injury). Production: Produced in response to stress and during fruit ripening.

• Abscisic Acid (ABA): Control seed dormancy and germination, regulate stomatal closure in response to drought, and promote stress tolerance. Production: Synthesized in response to stress conditions and present in seeds and mature leaves.

Interaction and Regulation:

• Plant hormones often interact synergistically or antagonistically to coordinate growth and development processes.

• Environmental factors influence hormone production and their effects, allowing plants to adapt and thrive in varying conditions.

Understanding the roles and mechanisms of plant growth hormones is crucial for optimizing agricultural practices, improving crop productivity, and enhancing plant resilience to environmental challenges.