Buy Mykrobak Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment products for efficient and eco-friendly water solutions. Perfect for treating wastewater effectively. < Environmental Solutions Mykrobak Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Mykrobak Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment: Eco-friendly blend of anaerobic bacteria that efficiently breaks down organic matter in wastewater without oxygen, producing methane and hydrogen sulfide. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Bacterial Control Suppresses harmful bacterial growth, ensuring a stable anaerobic environment. Enhanced Methanogenesis Increases bio-gas generation through improved methanogenic activity. Efficient Waste Degradation Degrades high COD & BOD for effective anaerobic wastewater treatment. Fast Stabilization Acclimatized anaerobes ensure quick stabilization of treatment processes. Performance properties PH 6.5 – 7.5 Temperature 5 to 55°C Reactivation Rate 99% After addition to water Concentration Highly Concentrated Shelf Life 2 years Physical properties Appearance Off White Colour Physical State Powdered Form Odour Odourless Moisture Content 6-7% Mesh Size 0.6 mm Packaging 1 kg Aluminum zip lock Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Dosage Schedule Depend upon the organic load, contaminants and volume of waste water. Area of Application Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) Bio-gas digester Anaerobic lagoon Anaerobic filter (Stone & PVC media) Expanded granular sludge blanket Application Matrix Mix Mykrobak 1 kg powder in 20 Liter water (Prefer normal temperature) Stir well and remain in bucket for 30 minutes (for bacteria activation) Directly Dose at inlet of Anaerobic tank Additional Info Bacterial consortium belongs to the following: Hydrocarbon-reducing bacteria Hydrolytic bacteria Hyperthermophilic and thermophilic bacteria Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria Photosynthetic bacteria & fluorescent bacteria Fermentative bacteria Acetogenic bacteria Odour control bacteria Enzymes belong to the co-enzymes of the following groups: Oxidoreductases Transferases Lyases Advantages of Mykrobak products: Promote the formation of potential and sustainable biomass Reduce contaminants, toxicity, pollutants, and bad odors Initiate biodegradation quickly Effective in reducing COD/BOD in ETP/STP/WTP Help in the fastest commissioning of biological treatment processes in ETP/STP, etc. Boost MLSS production rapidly Reduce ammoniacal nitrogen Improve digester system recovery Increase the efficiency of biogas production Improve tertiary treatment Reduce large quantities of organic compounds Improve the aquatic environment Clarify ponds and lakes water Safe and natural Economically feasible Related Products Mykrobak Aerobic Mykrobak Biotoilet Mykrobak Composting Mykrobak Dairy Mykrobak Drop Mykrobak Fog Mykrobak N&P Booster Mykrobak Nutrients Remover More Products 4 min read Understanding the Deficiency of Potassium in Plants 105 1 like. Post not marked as liked 1 4 min read Innovative Biotechnological Approaches for Sustainable Waste Management 105 Post not marked as liked 5 min read Evidence of Mycorrhizae and Beneficial Bacteria in Promoting Cannabis Health and Yield 144 Post not marked as liked Resources Read all

Leading manufacturer & exporter of Mykrobak Dairy, a natural solution for dairy waste management. Enhance efficiency with our eco-friendly product. < Environmental Solutions Mykrobak Dairy Mykrobak Dairy efficiently breaks down organic compounds in dairy wastewater, reducing BOD, COD, TSS, and fat, oil, and grease. Handles shock loads and works across various pH and temperature ranges. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Volatile Fatty Acid Degradation Degrades volatile fatty acids, improving biological tank performance. Foam Reduction Reduces foaming in the biological tank, ensuring stable operation. Bacterial Control Suppresses harmful bacterial growth, promoting a healthier environment. Fast Commissioning Reduces plant commissioning time, allowing for quicker operational readiness. Performance properties PH 6.5 – 7.5 Temperature 5 to 55°C Reactivation Rate 99% After addition to water Concentration Highly Concentrated Shelf Life 2 years Physical properties Appearance Off White Colour Physical State Powdered Form Odour Odourless Moisture Content 6-7% Mesh Size 0.6 mm Packaging 1 kg Aluminum zip lock Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Dosage Schedule Depend upon the organic load, contaminants and volume of waste water. Area of Application Membrane Bio reactor Activated sludge Process Sequencing batch reactor Moving bed bio reactor Extended Aeration system UASB Application Matrix Mix Mykrobak 1 kg powder in 20 Liter water (Prefer normal temperature) Stir well and remain in bucket for 30 minutes (for bacteria activation) Directly Dose at inlet of tank. Additional Info Bacterial consortium belongs to the following: Hydrocarbon-reducing bacteria Hydrolytic bacteria Hyperthermophilic and thermophilic bacteria Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria Photosynthetic bacteria & fluorescent bacteria Fermentative bacteria Acetogenic bacteria Odour control bacteria Enzymes belong to the co-enzymes of the following groups: Oxidoreductases Transferases Lyases Advantages of Mykrobak products: Promote the formation of potential and sustainable biomass Reduce contaminants, toxicity, pollutants, and bad odors Initiate biodegradation quickly Effective in reducing COD/BOD in ETP/STP/WTP Help in the fastest commissioning of biological treatment processes in ETP/STP, etc. Boost MLSS production rapidly Reduce ammoniacal nitrogen Improve digester system recovery Increase the efficiency of biogas production Improve tertiary treatment Reduce large quantities of organic compounds Improve the aquatic environment Clarify ponds and lakes water Safe and natural Economically feasible Related Products Mykrobak Aerobic Mykrobak Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Mykrobak Biotoilet Mykrobak Composting Mykrobak Drop Mykrobak Fog Mykrobak N&P Booster Mykrobak Nutrients Remover More Products 4 min read Understanding the Deficiency of Potassium in Plants 105 1 like. Post not marked as liked 1 4 min read Innovative Biotechnological Approaches for Sustainable Waste Management 105 Post not marked as liked 5 min read Evidence of Mycorrhizae and Beneficial Bacteria in Promoting Cannabis Health and Yield 144 Post not marked as liked Resources Read all

Top-quality Neem Oil from Indogulf BioAg: 100% pure, organic, and effective for plant protection. Certified and trusted by farmers for healthy crops. < Plant Protect Neem Oil Natural pesticide from Neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) that targets pests while being safe for birds, mammals, and beneficial insects. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Supports Earthworms Unlike conventional pesticides, Neem Oil supports earthworm populations, vital for soil health. Safe for Beneficial Insects Does not harm pollinators like bees and butterflies, or other beneficial insects such as ladybugs. Effective Throughout Insect Lifecycle Kills insects at various stages (adult, larval, egg) through feeding prevention, growth disruption, and suffocation. Completely Organic & Biodegradable Derived from the neem tree, it breaks down quickly and is environmentally friendly. Composition It is extracted from the seeds of Neem (Azadirachta indica), a tropical tree native to the Indian subcontinent. Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application NEEM OIL can be mixed with water and used in spray pumps to coat the aerial parts of plants that come under attack from pests. Since oil and water don’t mix, NEEM OIL comes in a ready-to-use formulation that you can directly mix with water and apply to your plants. Using neem oil pesticides once a week helps eliminate pests and prevents fungal problems. This oil-based spray fully covers the leaves, especially where pests or fungal diseases are most prevalent. Please prepare your neem spray by mixing water and NEEM OIL (Water Soluble) according to your needs as directed in the table below. Spray the NEEM OIL mixed solution on all leaves, especially the undersides where insects like to hide. When spraying for the first time, drench the soil around the roots as well. It won’t harm; in fact, NEEM OIL is beneficial for your soil. Neem spray as a preventative measure: Spray once a fortnight using a 0.5% concentrated solution. This should prevent any insect problems in the first place. Neem spray to combat an existing infestation: Spray once a week using a 0.5% concentrated solution until the problem is resolved, then switch to a 0.5% solution every fortnight. Recommended dosage is for guideline purpose only. More effective application rates may exist depending on specific circumstances. Additional Info Shelf Life & Packaging Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Packaging: 500 ml / 1 litre bottle Related Products Bloom Up Flyban Insecta Repel Larvicare Mealycare Mitimax Pacify Proteger More Products 4 min read Nano-Technology in Application Of Essential Oils: Modernised Solution for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 79 1 like. Post not marked as liked 1 2 min read Organic agriculture stimulates species evenness for biological pest control, study finds 125 1 like. Post not marked as liked 1 2 min read Biological pest control agent profiles: Encarsia formosa 399 1 like. Post not marked as liked 1 2 min read Biological control agent profiles: Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita 236 Post not marked as liked Resources Read all

Bacillus megaterium  is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that is widely distributed in various ecosystems, including soil, seawater, and decaying organic matter. Its name, derived from "mega" (large) and "terium" (creature), reflects its substantial size—up to 4 µm in length—making it one of the largest known bacteria. Over time, B. megaterium  has gained recognition for its versatility and potential in a multitude of industrial, agricultural, and environmental applications, spanning from enzyme production to bioremediation. Morphology and Adaptation As a spore-forming bacterium, B. megaterium  has the ability to withstand extreme environmental conditions, such as desiccation, temperature fluctuations, and nutrient depletion. Its large genome and plasmids contribute to its metabolic flexibility, enabling it to utilize a wide range of carbon sources. This makes it an ideal organism for research into microbial physiology, cellular structure, and metabolic engineering. Notably, B. megaterium ’s endospores allow it to persist in unfavorable environments, ensuring its survival and sustained metabolic activity when favorable conditions return​ Industrial Applications of Bacillus Megaterium Enzyme Production Bacillus megaterium has long been employed in industrial microbiology due to its ability to produce various industrially relevant enzymes. Notable among these are amylases, proteases, and glucose dehydrogenase. These enzymes have broad applications, particularly in food processing, textile production, and biotechnological industries. For example, amylases produced by B. megaterium are used in starch modification processes, while glucose dehydrogenase is critical in biochemical assays and biosensors, such as those used for blood glucose monitoring. Vitamin B12 Production Another capability of B. megaterium is its ability to synthesize vitamin B12, an essential cofactor in numerous metabolic processes in humans and animals. The bacterium’s use in the commercial production of vitamin B12 underscores its significance in the pharmaceutical and nutritional supplement industries​ Agricultural Applications Phosphorus Solubilization and Plant Growth Promotion In the agricultural sector, Bacillus megaterium is widely recognized for its role as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR). One of its key contributions is its ability to solubilize phosphorus, a vital nutrient that is often present in soil in insoluble forms, making it unavailable to plants.  By converting phosphorus into soluble forms, B. megaterium  enhances nutrient uptake, leading to increased plant growth and yield​. This makes it a critical component in biofertilizers aimed at reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers while improving soil health. Pathogen Suppression: Fusarium Wilt Control A particularly important application of B. megaterium in agriculture is its role in biological control. Studies have demonstrated that this bacterium can effectively suppress soil-borne plant pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt, a destructive disease affecting numerous crops.  Research has shown that inoculation of soil with B. megaterium can significantly reduce the incidence of Fusarium wilt in melon plants, thereby enhancing crop productivity. This disease suppression is attributed to the bacterium’s ability to modulate the soil microbial community, promoting beneficial microorganisms while inhibiting the growth of pathogens. Field experiments have demonstrated that B. megaterium can reduce Fusarium wilt incidence by up to 69% in melons, while also increasing plant biomass and yield​. This highlights its potential as a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides, contributing to more eco-friendly agricultural practices. Environmental Applications Heavy Metal Remediation Bacillus megaterium also plays a pivotal role in environmental bioremediation, particularly in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Its ability to tolerate and accumulate metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and boron (B) makes it an ideal candidate for phytoremediation strategies in polluted environments. Studies have demonstrated that B. megaterium, when applied to contaminated soils, can enhance the bioavailability of these heavy metals, thereby facilitating their uptake by hyperaccumulator plants such as Brassica napus (rapeseed)​. This capacity for heavy metal bioremediation is particularly important in mitigating the adverse effects of industrial pollution, mining, and the use of chemical fertilizers, which contribute to soil degradation and heavy metal accumulation. By reducing metal toxicity and improving soil quality, B. megaterium supports sustainable land use and environmental conservation. Bacillus megaterium plays a significant role in mitigating the negative effects of nickel (Ni) stress on wheat plants. Its primary functions include: Ni Stress Alleviation: Bacillus megaterium significantly reduces the accumulation of Ni in plant tissues, particularly in roots and shoots. This bacterium decreases Ni content by up to 34.5% in roots and shoots, making it highly effective in reducing the toxic impact of Ni on plant growth​. Growth Promotion: The bacterium enhances the growth parameters of wheat, such as shoot and root lengths, even under Ni stress. It improves overall plant growth by promoting shoot length in both Ni-sensitive and Ni-tolerant wheat cultivars​. Siderophore Production: Bacillus megaterium produces siderophores, which are molecules that bind to heavy metals like nickel, reducing their availability to plants. This ability helps the plant reduce Ni uptake, thus lowering the metal’s toxic effects​. Antioxidant Defense System Enhancement: The bacterium boosts the plant's antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX). This leads to reduced oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are commonly elevated under Ni stress​. Reduction of Lipid Peroxidation: Bacillus megaterium AFI1 decreases lipid peroxidation levels in plant tissues, thereby reducing cellular membrane damage caused by Ni-induced oxidative stress​. Overall, Bacillus megaterium AFI1 acts as a bioremediator, protecting wheat from Ni toxicity while promoting healthier plant growth and strengthening the plant's natural antioxidant defenses. Biodegradation of Pollutants In addition to heavy metal remediation, B. megaterium is involved in the degradation of organic pollutants, including herbicides and pesticides. The bacterium’s diverse metabolic pathways allow it to break down complex organic molecules, contributing to the detoxification of soils contaminated by agricultural chemicals. This capacity enhances the sustainability of agricultural systems by minimizing the environmental impact of chemical inputs​. Conclusion Bacillus megaterium is an extraordinary bacterium with a wide range of applications across multiple industries. Its contributions to enzyme production, vitamin B12 synthesis, recombinant protein expression, and bioremediation underscore its industrial significance. In agriculture, B. megaterium plays a dual role as a plant growth promoter and biocontrol agent, offering sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Furthermore, its ability to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils positions it as a key player in environmental management. As research into B. megaterium continues to advance, its full potential in biotechnology, agriculture, and environmental science is likely to be further realized. If you have any inquiries or would like to purchase Bacillus megaterium , you can do it here. References Vary, P.S., Biedendieck, R., Fuerch, T., Meinhardt, F., Rohde, M., Deckwer, W.-D., & Jahn, D. (2007). Bacillus megaterium—from simple soil bacterium to industrial protein production host. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 76(5), 957–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1089-3 Zhang, X., Li, H., Li, M., Wen, G., & Hu, Z. (2019). Influence of individual and combined application of biochar, Bacillus megaterium, and phosphatase on phosphorus availability in calcareous soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments , 19(5), 1271-1284.   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02338-y Esringü, A., Turan, M., Güneş, A., & Karaman, M.R. (2014). Roles of Bacillus megaterium in remediation of boron, lead, and cadmium from contaminated soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis , 45(13), 1741–1759.   https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.875194 Lu, X., Li, Q., Li, B., Liu, F., Wang, Y., Ning, W., Liu, Y., & Zhao, H. (2024). Bacillus megaterium controls melon Fusarium wilt disease through its effects on keystone soil taxa. Research Article , Hebei Agricultural University.   https://doi.org/10.21203/rs

Introduction The rapid increase in global population and industrial activities has led to a significant rise in organic waste generation, creating considerable environmental and public health challenges. Improperly managed organic waste serves as a major source of pollutants, including methane (CH₄) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), which substantially contribute to climate change. Additionally, the leaching of contaminants into soil and water systems disrupt ecosystems and pose risks to human health. Conventional waste management strategies, such as landfilling and incineration, are increasingly recognized as unsustainable due to their environmental impact, including air and water pollution and inefficient resource utilization. In contrast, emerging biotechnological approaches provide sustainable solutions for waste valorization. Utilizing microbial metabolism, processes like anaerobic digestion (AD) and dark fermentation convert organic waste into bioenergy (e.g., biogas and biohydrogen) while simultaneously reducing waste volume. These bioprocesses not only optimize waste degradation but also contribute to circular economy principles by converting waste into valuable by-products, such as biofertilizers and precursors for bioplastics. This review examines recent advancements in biotechnological methods for transforming organic waste into renewable energy, highlighting their potential to address the dual challenges of waste management and sustainable energy production. Anaerobic Digestion: A Key Technology in Waste Management Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that converts organic waste into biogas, a mixture primarily composed of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)​. The process involves four main stages: Hydrolysis : Complex organic matter is broken down into simpler soluble molecules like sugars and amino acids. Acidogenesis : These simpler molecules are converted into volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Acetogenesis : VFAs are further processed into acetic acid, hydrogen, and CO₂. Methanogenesis : Finally, methanogenic archaea convert these products into methane and CO₂​. The efficiency of anaerobic digestion can be enhanced by co-digestion, where multiple types of waste are processed together. For instance, co-digesting tannery wastewater with dairy waste has been shown to improve biogas yield and methane content due to the complementary nutrient profiles of these waste streams​. Benefits of Anaerobic Digestion Energy Production : Biogas can be used to generate electricity, heat, or even upgraded to biomethane for use as a vehicle fuel​. Waste Reduction : The process significantly reduces the volume of waste, which is critical for industries with high organic waste outputs such as agriculture, food processing, and wastewater treatment​. Nutrient Recovery : The digestate, a by-product of AD, can be used as a biofertilizer, rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, thus closing the nutrient loop. Biohydrogen Production: Novel Sustainable Waste Management process. Hydrogen, a clean fuel with zero carbon emissions, is gaining attention as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Among various methods of hydrogen production, biohydrogen generated through anaerobic fermentation is particularly promising due to its low environmental impact​.  This process, known as dark fermentation, involves the microbial breakdown of carbohydrate-rich substrates in the absence of light, producing hydrogen and organic acids. Enhanced Biohydrogen Production : Research indicates that adding residual glycerol from biodiesel production to cassava wastewater can significantly boost hydrogen yield during anaerobic digestion​. The optimal conditions for maximizing hydrogen production include a balanced substrate-to-biomass ratio, temperature control, and proper inoculation with hydrogen-producing bacteria. Key Microbes : Hydrogen production is driven by specific anaerobic bacteria, including species from the genera Clostridium , Bacillus , and Enterobacter ​. Operational Parameters : Studies have shown that maintaining a pH of around 5.5 to 6.0 and a temperature of 35-38°C optimizes biohydrogen yields​. Microbial Plastic Degradation: Addressing the Plastic Pollution Crisis The accumulation of plastics in the environment is a major challenge due to their resistance to degradation. Traditional recycling methods are limited, especially for non-PET plastics like polyethylene and polystyrene​. Recent biotechnological advances focus on using microbial enzymes, such as PETase and laccases, to break down plastics into biodegradable components. Biotechnological Strategies : Enzymatic Degradation : Specific enzymes target polymer bonds, converting plastics into monomers that can be further utilized by microbes​. CRISPR and Synthetic Biology : Genetic engineering techniques, including CRISPR, are being explored to enhance the efficiency of microbial strains in breaking down plastics and converting them into valuable biochemicals​. Plastic degradation under aerobic conditions The Role of Biogas and Biohydrogen in the Circular Economy Integrating biotechnological solutions into waste management systems aligns with the principles of the circular economy. By converting waste into bioenergy, industries can reduce their carbon footprint, lower waste management costs, and contribute to energy sustainability​. Key Applications : Decentralized Waste Management : Small-scale anaerobic digesters can be implemented in communities to process organic waste, generating biogas for local energy needs while reducing landfill dependence​. Industrial Waste Valorization : Food processing industries, breweries, and dairy farms can adopt biohydrogen and biogas production to manage their organic waste streams effectively. Various methods of obtaining biogas and biohydrogen via fermentatio Conclusion The transition to sustainable waste management requires innovative approaches that integrate biotechnological advancements. Technologies like anaerobic digestion and biohydrogen production not only offer solutions to waste management but also pave the way for sustainable energy production. By embracing these technologies, industries can play a pivotal role in achieving environmental sustainability and reducing reliance on fossil fuels​. Moving forward, continued research and investment in optimizing microbial processes and scaling up these technologies will be crucial to realizing their full potential. The integration of biotechnology into waste management systems is not just an opportunity but a necessity for a sustainable future. At IndoGulf BioAg we are dedicated to contributing to global efforts to aid in and develop new sustainable strategies for agriculture , environmental remediation , water treatment , and medical industry by using microorganisms, fungi, enzymes and nano-technology Reach out to us with your needs and our team will ensure to deliver optimal solutions tailored personally for you. References: González Henao, S., & Ghneim-Herrera, T. (2021). Metals in soils: Remediation strategies based on bacteria and fungi. Environmental Science and Pollution Research . Retrieved from consensus.app Zhang, L., Rengel, Z., Meney, K., & Tu, C. (2018). Mycorrhizal fungi in improving grain yields: A meta-analysis of field studies. Agronomy Journal . Tufail, M., Shahzad, R., & Sohail, M. (2022). Endophytic bacteria perform better than fungi in improving plant growth under drought stress. Journal of Plant Interactions . Zhao, Y., Ji, X. L., Shen, T., Tang, W. T., & Li, S. S. (2020). The role of endophytic Seimatosporium sp. in enhancing host plant powdery mildew resistance. Plant Soil . Tran, H. Q., Le, T. N., & Dao, T. V. (2021). Aerobic composting for the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials . Indogulf BioAg Microbial Strains for Agriculture 2022. Indogulf BioAg. (2022). IGBA Environmental Species

Hemp harvesting on the banks of Rhine river, 1860s Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa ) has a documented history of cultivation that extends over thousands of years, with evidence dating back to at least the Neolithic era. Initially domesticated in Eastern Asia, cannabis became a significant part of human culture due to its adaptability and multitude of uses, including fiber production, medicinal applications, and food sources.  The spread of cannabis across continents was influenced by human migrations and trade, integrating deeply with agricultural practices across Europe, Asia, and Africa. Throughout its long history, cannabis has co-evolved with the natural environment, forming mutually beneficial relationships with organisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR).  Hemp plant illustration from a botanical atlas, 19th century Europe Co-Evolution with Mycorrhizal Fungi   One of the most remarkable aspects of cannabis’s evolutionary history is its symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi are symbiotic with most terrestrial plants, forming associations that extend root networks and enhance the plant's ability to access water and essential nutrients in exchange for carbohydrates produced by plants.   Rhizophagus irregularis ( Glomus intraradices) a species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is known to form extensive hyphal networks that connect with cannabis roots, facilitating increased absorption of phosphorus and other minerals that are often limited in soil. Pseudomonas spp. in the rhizosphere and its' influence for cannabis plant growth The process by which AMF enhances nutrient uptake involves the fungi penetrating the root cells and forming arbuscules—structures that facilitate the exchange of nutrients between the plant and the fungus. The plant supplies the fungi with carbon derived from photosynthesis, while the fungi provide the plant with improved access to phosphorus, nitrogen, and micronutrients. This relationship is particularly valuable in cannabis cultivation, where phosphorus is essential for robust growth and flowering. Studies have shown that cannabis plants with AMF associations exhibit better root mass, increased growth rates, and enhanced resilience to environmental stressors​. The Role of Trichoderma and Beneficial Bacteria   Trichoderma harzianum in cannabis rhizosphere In addition to mycorrhizal fungi, Trichoderma harzianum  plays an integral role in promoting cannabis health. This beneficial fungus colonises the rhizosphere, producing growth hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which stimulate root branching and elongation. The result is a more extensive root system capable of greater nutrient and water absorption. Furthermore, Trichoderma  acts as a natural biocontrol agent by releasing lytic enzymes and secondary metabolites that deter soil-borne pathogens, thereby reducing disease incidence and promoting overall plant vitality. Benefits of a healthy and diverse rhizosphere Beneficial bacteria, particularly strains of Bacillus  and Lactobacillus , add another layer of support to cannabis cultivation: Nutrient Solubilization :  Bacillus subtilis  and related strains enhance the availability of phosphorus and potassium in the soil, making these nutrients more accessible to the plant. This solubilization process is essential for cannabis, which requires ample nutrients for vigorous growth and development. Pathogen Suppression :  Bacillus  spp. produce bioactive lipopeptides and enzymes that protect the plant from fungal pathogens, reinforcing the plant’s ability to withstand biotic stress. Soil Fertility Enhancement :   Lactobacillus  spp., such as L. casei  and L. plantarum , contribute to the breakdown of organic matter and nutrient cycling, enriching soil fertility and ensuring that cannabis plants have a consistent supply of essential nutrients throughout their growth cycle​. Historical and Ecological Significance   Cannabis’s extensive use throughout history also intersected with traditional agricultural practices that leveraged the plant’s resilience and diverse applications. For example, hemp retting, a process used to extract fibers from cannabis stems by submerging them in water, has been practiced for centuries. Historical sediment analyses in places like the French Massif Central have revealed the presence of cannabinol (CBN), a phytocannabinoid metabolite, in ancient sediments. This finding underscores the deep connection between human activity and cannabis cultivation over centuries​. Retting, although beneficial for producing high-quality fibers, has historically posed environmental challenges by affecting water quality. This highlights the importance of modern, sustainable practices that maintain productivity while protecting natural resources. The use of microbial inoculants such as AMF , Trichoderma , and beneficial bacteria supports sustainable agricultural systems by enhancing soil health, reducing dependency on chemical fertilisers, and improving carbon capture. Modern Applications: The Role of Microbial Products   The co-evolution of cannabis with beneficial microbes provides a strong foundation for modern microbial technologies aimed at sustainable cultivation. Our Super Microbes brand, with products like RootX and BoostX incorporates these naturally occurring relationships backed by science and research : RootX :  Integrates Glomus intraradices , Trichoderma harzianum , and 13 species of Bacillus  to extend root systems, optimize nutrient absorption, and offer natural protection against pathogens. This synergy helps cannabis plants achieve vigorous growth and enhanced yield. BoostX :  Focuses on enriching the microbial environment with multiple strains of Bacillus , Lactobacillus , Rhodopseudomonas palustris , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . These components increase nutrient bioavailability, promote robust flowering and bud formation, and contribute to sustained soil health. Environmental Benefits and Carbon Sequestration   The integration of mycorrhizal fungi and beneficial bacteria into cannabis cultivation also plays a significant role in climate resilience. Mycorrhizal networks contribute to soil carbon storage by stabilizing organic matter and forming stable carbon pools as their structures decompose. The allocation of 5-20% of carbon captured by plants to support mycorrhizal fungi showcases their vital role in the carbon cycle. Estimates indicate that mycorrhizal fungi contribute to sequestering approximately 13 Gt of CO2e annually, a significant portion of the global carbon output​.. Conclusion   The symbiosis between cannabis and organisms like mycorrhizal fungi and beneficial bacteria is just a small example of nature's complexity and adaptability. Understanding and harnessing these relationships not only improve plant health and yield but also foster sustainable agricultural practices that contribute to soil health and carbon capture. The continued study and application of these beneficial interactions can support ecological restoration efforts and bolster climate-positive outcomes, paving the way for a more resilient and sustainable agricultural future. References: McPartland, J. M., & Guy, G. W. (2004). The evolution of cannabis and co-evolution with the human species. Clarke, R. C., & Merlin, M. D. (2013). Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany . University of California Press. Lavrieux, M., et al. (2013). Sedimentary cannabinol tracks the history of hemp retting in Lake Aydat, France. Geology , 41(7), 1-4. Mercuri, A. M., et al. (2002). The identification and analysis of Cannabis pollen in archaeological and natural environments. Journal of Archaeological Science . Rull, V., et al. (2022). Historical biogeography of Cannabis  in the Iberian Peninsula: Palynological evidence. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany . Duvall, C. S. (2014). The African Roots of Marijuana . Duke University Press. Small, E. (2015). Cannabis: A Complete Guide . CRC Press. Effect of Colonization of Trichoderma harzianum on Growth Development and CBD Content of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Article in Microorganisms · March 2021 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030518   Trichoderma and its role in biological control of plant fungal and nematode disease  Xin Yao 1†, Hailin Guo 2†, Kaixuan Zhang 3†, Mengyu Zhao 1, Jingjun Ruan 1* and Jie Chen 4*  1 College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China, 2 Science and Technology Innovation Development Center of Bijie City, Bijie, China, 3 Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Beijing, China, 4 School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China