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Boost root growth with our Mycorrhiza Powder. Top-quality, 100% organic, and certified. Ideal for vibrant plants. Trusted by thousands of satisfied customers. < Root Enhancers Mycorrhiza Powder Enhances root growth and nutrient absorption for healthier plants and improved soil structure. Ideal for mixing into soil or applying to roots and seeds. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Stress Resistance and Improved Crop Quality Mycorrhizae help plants overcome stress conditions like drought, diseases, and nutrient deficiencies, enhancing crop quality and yield. Improved Phosphate Uptake and Mobilization Mycorrhizae enhance the uptake and mobilization of phosphate across all crops, reducing the need for phosphorus fertilization. Enhanced Root Growth and Development Mycorrhizae improve plant root growth and development by forming symbiotic relationships with roots, increasing surface area for better water and nutrient absorption. Enhanced Nutrient Absorption and Translocation Mycorrhizae facilitate the absorption and translocation of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, iron, and others, improving plant nutrient utilization efficiency. Benefits Dosage & Application How it works FAQ Additional Info Dosage & Application For best results, mix 5–10 g of Mycorrhizae Fertilizer into the planting hole or root zone at transplanting. For seed treatment, coat seeds with 2 g per kilogram before sowing. Reapply Mycorrhiza Powder every 8–12 weeks during active growth. Additional Info Ideal for a Wide Range of Crops Mycorrhiza Powder is beneficial for a diverse array of plant life, including: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility Our Mycorrhizae Fertilizer is compatible with organic and conventional farming systems. It contains multiple strains of endomycorrhizal fungi proven to thrive in diverse soil types. Safe for all plant species, from vegetables and ornamentals to trees and turf. Shelf Life Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing when stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Packing We offer tailor-made packaging solutions to meet the specific requirements of our customers, ensuring the product reaches you in optimal condition. Benefits Using our Mycorrhiza Powder as a Mycorrhizae Fertilizer delivers multiple advantages: Accelerated root development for faster establishment. Improved nutrient uptake, especially phosphorus and micronutrients. Enhanced drought tolerance and disease resistance. Better soil structure through increased aggregation and aeration. How it works What Is Mycorrhizae Fertilizer and How Does It Work? Mycorrhizae Fertilizer is a symbiotic blend of beneficial fungi that colonize plant roots to improve water and nutrient absorption. When you apply our Mycorrhiza Powder, these fungi form an extensive hyphal network, effectively expanding the root system’s reach. As a natural Mycorrhizae Fertilizer, it enhances phosphorus uptake, stimulates root branching, and helps plants resist environmental stresses. FAQ What plants need mycorrhizal fungi? Most vegetable, fruit, and ornamental species benefit, especially legumes, cereals, and woody ornamentals. Mycorrhizae form symbioses with over 80% of terrestrial plants. Can you use too much mycorrhizal? Excessive mycorrhizal inoculant rarely harms plants, but ideal rates ensure cost-effective colonization. Over-application may be wasteful without added benefit. What are the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi? They improve nutrient and water uptake, enhance disease resistance, reduce transplant shock, and foster long-term soil health by creating a living rhizosphere. Related Products Mycorrhiza Liquid More Products Resources Read all

Bacillus firmus enhances phosphorus availability in soil, stimulates root growth, improves fruit quality, and protects against soil-borne diseases. Compatible with bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers. < Microbial Species Bacillus firmus Bacillus firmus enhances phosphorus availability in soil, stimulates root growth, improves fruit quality, and protects against soil-borne diseases. Compatible with bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Enhance Fruit Development and Quality Improves the size, taste, and overall quality of fruits. Increase Sugar Content in Fruits Elevates the sugar levels in fruits, leading to sweeter and more nutritious produce. Protection Against Drought and Diseases Provides resilience against drought conditions and some soil-borne diseases, ensuring healthier plant development. Promote Root Growth Stimulates the development of a robust root system, enhancing nutrient uptake and plant stability. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References 1. Nematode Biocontrol and Root Interaction Bacillus firmus I-1582 effectively degrades nematode eggs, colonizes plant roots, and induces systemic resistance in tomato via salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. Ghahremani et al., 2020 – Frontiers in Plant Science Culture filtrates of B. firmus induce paralysis and mortality in nematodes, inhibit egg hatching, and demonstrate antagonistic activity through secondary metabolites. Mendoza et al., 2008 – Biocontrol Science and Technology A split-root study demonstrated both localized and systemic effects of B. firmus GB-126 in suppressing soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes. Schrimsher et al., 2012 – Experimental Study 2. Plant Growth Promotion and Genomic Insights Whole-genome sequencing of strain TNAU1 revealed genes associated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, nutrient solubilization (phosphorus and potassium), nitrate transport, nematicidal proteases, and antibiotic biosynthetic clusters. Settu et al., 2023 – Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 3. Enzyme Production and Biotechnological Applications An extracellular nuclease from B. firmus VKPACU-1 displays high specificity for RNA and DNA substrates, indicating potential for biocatalytic and bioremediation applications. Kumar & Kannan, 2011 – Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids Two xylanases purified from B. firmus exhibit activity over a wide pH range and efficiently degrade xylan to xylo-oligosaccharides, supporting their use in biomass conversion. Tseng et al., 2002 – Enzyme and Microbial Technology 4. Immunomodulatory Properties B. firmus functions as a potent polyclonal B cell activator, enhancing the production of immunoglobulins (notably IgA and IgG) in vitro, with implications for probiotic and adjuvant applications. Prokešová et al., 2008 – Folia Microbiologica Mucosal administration of B. firmus significantly enhanced systemic and mucosal antibody responses to a model antigen in animal models, indicating its potential as a mucosal immunoadjuvant. Mlčková et al., 2001 – Immunology Letters Mode of Action 1. Nematode Control B. firmus produces bioactive secondary metabolites that paralyze and kill nematodes such as Meloidogyne incognita and Radopholus similis . Culture filtrates alone can reduce egg hatching and cause up to 96% mortality in nematode juveniles (Mendoza et al., 2008) , (Settu et al., 2023) . It also degrades nematode eggs directly and colonizes plant roots, creating a physical and chemical barrier against nematode infection (Ghahremani et al., 2020) . 2 . Induction of Plant Resistance In plants like tomato, B. firmus activates systemic resistance by upregulating salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathway genes, helping the plant fight off nematodes and potentially other pathogens (Ghahremani et al., 2020) . These effects can be systemic or localized, depending on the crop and context (Schrimsher et al., 2012) . 3. Plant Growth Promotion Genome analysis reveals genes responsible for: IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) production (a plant hormone) Phosphorus and potassium solubilization Nitrate transport These contribute to enhanced nutrient uptake and overall plant growth (Settu et al., 2023) . 4. Enzymatic Activity B. firmus secretes nucleases and xylanases, which break down DNA, RNA, and complex polysaccharides—helping degrade organic matter and releasing nutrients in the soil (Kumar & Kannan, 2011) , (Tseng et al., 2002) . 5. Immunomodulatory Effects In animal models, B. firmus stimulates both systemic and mucosal immune responses by increasing the production of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG) and cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ), making it a candidate as an oral adjuvant or probiotic (Prokešová et al., 2008), (Mlčková et al., 2001). Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment : 1 kg of seeds will be coated with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Bacillus firmus and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. The coated seeds will then be dried in shade and sow or broadcast in the field. Seedling Treatment : Dip the seedlings into the mixture of 100 grams of Bacillus firmus and sufficient amount of water. Soil Treatment : Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Bacillus firmus with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Incorporate the mixture and spread into the field at the time of planting/sowing. Irrigation : Mix 3 kg per acre of Bacillus firmus in a sufficient amount of water and run into the drip lines. FAQ What is Bacillus firmus? Bacillus firmus is a beneficial, spore-forming bacterium widely used in agriculture for biological nematode control and plant growth promotion. It also has potential uses in immunology and biotechnology. How does B. firmus control nematodes? It produces bioactive compounds that paralyze and kill nematodes such as Meloidogyne incognita and Radopholus similis. These compounds also reduce egg hatching and juvenile survival (Mendoza et al., 2008) . Can B. firmus boost plant immunity? Yes. It induces systemic resistance in plants like tomato by activating salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways, helping plants defend against pests and diseases (Ghahremani et al., 2020) . How does it promote plant growth? B. firmus produces plant growth-promoting substances like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and helps solubilize nutrients like phosphorus and potassium, improving nutrient uptake and plant development (Settu et al., 2023) . What enzymes does B. firmus produce? It secretes nucleases that degrade DNA and RNA, and xylanases that break down plant cell walls. These enzymes assist in nutrient recycling and potential industrial applications (Kumar & Kannan, 2011) , (Tseng et al., 2002) . Does B. firmus have medical or probiotic uses? Yes. It stimulates the immune system, especially IgA and IgG production, and has shown adjuvant potential in mucosal immunization studies (Prokešová et al., 2008). Sustainability Advantage Related Products Aspergillus awamori Bacillus megaterium: Phosphate solubilizing bacteria for agriculture Bacillus polymyxa Pseudomonas putida: Beneficial Rhizobacteria for Plant Growth and Phosphorus Availability Pseudomonas striata More Products Resources Read all

Pseudomonas putida is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium with applications in crop nutrition, root development and soil management. Its agricultural importance centres on phosphorus mobilization and beneficial interactions in the rhizosphere—the biologically active zone surrounding plant roots. These functions make it a valuable component of biological crop nutrition and integrated nutrient-management programs. IndoGulf BioAg supplies P. putida in formulations ready for field application, with bulk supply, custom formulation and private-label options. < Microbial Species Pseudomonas putida: Beneficial Rhizobacteria for Plant Growth and Phosphorus Availability Pseudomonas putida is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium with applications in crop nutrition, root development and soil management. Its agricultural importance centres on phosphorus mobilization and beneficial interactions in the rhizosphere—the biologically active zone surrounding plant roots. These functions make it a valuable component of biological crop nutrition and integrated nutrient-management programs. IndoGulf BioAg supplies P. putida in formulations ready for field application, with bulk supply, custom formulation and private-label options. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Pseudomonas putida in Agriculture: Scientific Evidence 1. Phosphate Solubilization and Plant Growth — Pandey et al. (2006) This study demonstrated that Pseudomonas putida B0 solubilized tricalcium phosphate in laboratory culture, accompanied by a decrease in medium pH. In greenhouse maize experiments, inoculation significantly increased plant biomass. The findings connect phosphate-solubilizing activity with plant-growth responses under controlled conditions. Current Microbiology, 53 , 102–107. Read the study 2. Root Development and Phosphorus Nutrition — Srivastava & Srivastava (2020) Research with P. putida MTCC 5279 examined root development and plant responses to phosphorus limitation and salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana . Inoculation influenced lateral-root development, hormone-related signalling and stress physiology. This study provides insight into the interaction between beneficial bacteria, root architecture and nutrient acquisition. Scientific Reports, 10 , 5855. Read the study 3. Plant Performance Under Salinity — Alhoqail (2024) In greenhouse-grown mustard, P. putida RT12 improved growth, water status, chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake under salinity treatments. The study investigated ACC-deaminase activity and reported an improved potassium-to-sodium balance in inoculated plants, supporting its relevance to research on microbial management of salt stress. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 52 (1), 13550. Read the study 4. Siderophore Production and Iron Acquisition — Daura-Pich et al. (2020) Using functional assays, chemical analysis and genomic investigation, the researchers demonstrated pyoverdine production in P. putida B2017. Pyoverdine is an iron-binding siderophore involved in microbial iron acquisition. The study helps explain how bacterial metabolites influence access to iron and interactions with surrounding microorganisms. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 367 (9), fnaa075. Read the study 5. Irrigation Delivery and Combined Microbial Application — Quello et al. (2026) This field study evaluated irrigation delivery of P. putida P3 together with Bacillus subtilis BacF in quinoa under two mineral-fertilization levels. It provides a practical example of incorporating microbial inoculants into an irrigated crop program. The combined treatment influenced biomass and grain components; the results section reported no significant inoculation main effect on commercial grain yield. Frontiers in Agronomy, 8 , 1733699. Read the study 6. Molecular Basis of Plant-Growth-Associated Functions — Chaudhry et al. (2013) Genome sequencing of P. putida MTCC5279 identified genes associated with auxin production, siderophores, phosphatases and ACC deaminase. These findings provide molecular context for investigating nutrient mobilization, plant–microbe interactions and stress-related functions. Functional assays and plant trials establish how these genetic capabilities are expressed in practice. Genome Announcements, 1 (4), e00560-13. Read the study These publications describe the named research strains and experimental conditions. Commercial performance depends on the strain, formulation, crop and application program. Mode of Action 1. Mineral Phosphate Solubilization Soil can contain phosphorus that is difficult for roots to access. Phosphate-solubilizing P. putida strains can acidify their immediate surroundings and release phosphate from poorly soluble mineral compounds. Research with strain B0 demonstrated tricalcium phosphate solubilization alongside a fall in culture-medium pH. This explains an important pathway through which selected strains can contribute to phosphorus mobilization. [1] 2. Root Development and Plant Signalling Some strains produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), an auxin associated with plant growth. Their interaction with the plant can also alter signalling pathways involved in root development. Research with P. putida MTCC 5279 in Arabidopsis thaliana reported changes in lateral roots, root hairs and hormone-related responses. This provides a biological basis for investigating the organism in root-development programs. [2] 3. Siderophore Production and Iron Acquisition Certain strains produce siderophores: compounds that bind iron and help bacteria acquire it from their surroundings. Pyoverdine production has been demonstrated in strain B2017. This activity influences microbial access to iron and interactions within the root-zone community. It is distinct from supplying iron fertilizer directly to the crop. [4] 4. Plant Responses to Salinity Selected strains possess traits associated with improved plant performance under salt stress. One example is ACC deaminase, an enzyme that breaks down a precursor of ethylene, a plant hormone involved in stress responses. In greenhouse research, ACC-deaminase-producing P. putida RT12 improved growth and several physiological measures in salt-stressed mustard. These findings support further development of strain-specific stress-management applications. [3] From Biological Activity to Agricultural Relevance Biological activity Agricultural relevance Mineral phosphate solubilization Mobilization of poorly soluble phosphorus Growth-associated metabolites and plant signalling Changes in root architecture and development Siderophore production Microbial iron acquisition and root-zone interactions Stress-related microbial traits Potential support for plant performance under salinity Additional Info Compatibility and Crop Programs Mineral Fertilizers P. putida can form part of an integrated crop nutrition program. The objective is to combine appropriate nutrient supply with beneficial microbial activity near roots. A field study in quinoa investigated P. putida together with Bacillus subtilis alongside mineral fertilization, demonstrating a practical route for incorporating these bacteria into an irrigated cropping system. [5] Biological Inputs and Custom Consortia IndoGulf BioAg can assess P. putida for custom formulations involving other beneficial microorganisms, including Bacillus species, mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma . Formulation development aligns the selected microorganisms with the crop, delivery method and intended product specification. Mycorrhizal components should be selected for crops that form the relevant fungal association. Humic Products, Seaweed Extracts and Organic Amendments These inputs can be considered within the wider crop program. Our team can advise how to schedule biological applications alongside soil conditioners and biostimulants, and which combinations are suitable for a prepared formulation or application mixture. Crop-Protection Inputs For treated seed or programs using fungicides and bactericides, IndoGulf BioAg provides product-specific guidance on suitable combinations and application timing. Contact our team to integrate P. putida into your existing crop program or develop a custom microbial product. Dosage & Application Seed Coating and Seed Treatment Apply a seed-treatment formulation evenly using the specified slurry or binder system. Maintain uniform coverage and seed flowability, protect treated seed from excessive heat, and follow the recommended treatment-to-sowing interval. For commercial seed-treatment development, our team can support formulation selection and the assessment of coating compatibility, microbial survival and on-seed stability. Seedling Root Treatment A root-treatment formulation places the inoculant around transplant roots before planting. Prepare and apply it according to its product instructions, then transplant promptly while protecting roots from drying. Soil and Root-Zone Application Apply near the planting row, planting hole or active root zone, according to the selected product. Maintain suitable soil moisture to support establishment after application. Irrigation and Fertigation An irrigation-suitable formulation can deliver the inoculant to the root zone. Follow the product instructions for preparation, dilution and injection timing. Field research has evaluated irrigation delivery of a P. putida – B. subtilis combination. [5] Practical Guidance Use the product rate for the selected formulation and application route. Prepare with water that meets the product’s requirements. Protect the product and prepared mixture from excessive heat and direct sunlight. Follow the specified timing for co-applied fertilizers, crop-protection products and other inputs. FAQ What is Pseudomonas putida? Pseudomonas putida is a soil-associated bacterium. Agricultural research investigates selected strains for phosphate solubilization, root interactions and plant growth promotion. [1, 6] Is Pseudomonas putida Gram-positive or Gram-negative? It is Gram-negative. Its cells are rod-shaped, and the species does not form the resistant endospores characteristic of many Bacillus species. Is Pseudomonas putida a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium? Selected strains are. Their activity can release phosphate from poorly soluble mineral sources. This makes phosphorus availability an appropriate focus for agricultural formulation development. Can Pseudomonas putida be used with fertilizer? Yes, it can be incorporated into a fertilized crop program. Use the selected formulation’s instructions to determine whether to apply it separately or in an approved mixture. Field research has evaluated a P. putida – B. subtilis inoculant alongside mineral fertilization. Can it be combined with mycorrhizal fungi or other beneficial microbes? These are options for custom formulation development. IndoGulf BioAg can help select microbial combinations and application approaches for the intended crop and growing system. Which crops have been studied? Examples include maize in greenhouse research, mustard under greenhouse salinity treatments, and quinoa in a field trial involving co-inoculation with B. subtilis . These studies support crop-specific development rather than a single recommendation for every crop. Can Pseudomonas putida improve crop yield? Its root- and nutrient-related functions provide a rationale for evaluating crop productivity. A consistent commercial yield response must be established for the particular strain, formulation and crop program; biomass or root-growth responses alone do not establish harvested yield. Sustainability Advantage Related Products Aspergillus awamori Bacillus firmus Bacillus megaterium: Phosphate solubilizing bacteria for agriculture Bacillus polymyxa Pseudomonas striata More Products Resources Read all

Nano Pot (K) fertilizers improve photosynthetic activities that results in increased synthesis of carbohydrates, fats, and protein. Nano Pot (K) Fertilizers Recommended to be used for all crops This is Nano Potassium Nitrate fertilizers which improve photosynthetic activities that result in increased synthesis of carbohydrates, fats, and protein. Nano pot is a customized liquid potassium nutrient premix containing particulates of ionized potassium embedded in a colloidal amino acid matrix; along with phytase and phosphase enzymes for use in agricultural fertilization programs and animal feed supplementation. Benefits Enhance root growth and development and improves drought tolerance Decreases the intensity of chlorosis Increases protein content in plants Enhance plant cell enlargement Improves color of fruits and flowers. Enhance the growth of young (meristematic) tissues Improve the sugar content of crops such as fruits, carrots and sweet potatoes. Improves the water utilization efficiency of the plant in general. Composition/Technical Specifications Every 1 litre gives 32.82g of Potassium, 11.757g of Nitrogen equivalent about 1.6kg of Potassium chloride and 1837.25g of Crude Protein. Dosage and method of Application Foliar Spray : 500ml/Acre once in 10-15 days Compatibility Compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life & Packaging Shelf life : Best before 24 months, Stored in room temperature. Packaging : 5 Ltx2/Corrugated Cardboard Box Symptoms of Potassium Deficiency Brown scorching and curling of leaf tips as well as chlorosis (yellowing) between leaf veins Appearance of purple spots on the undersides of the leaf Reduction on plant growth, root development Delay in seed and fruit development of the plant For more bio fertilizers visit Nano fertilizers Downloads Product Information Click here for Product Enquiry

Looking for mycorrhizal fungi products supplier & manufacturer company in USA? Stop Searching.. Contact +1 437 774 3831 or send email biosolutions@indogulfgroup.com Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi | Trusted Manufacturer & Exporter Even though this idea could seem counter-intuitive, the truth is that the radicular system of a healthy plant does not end with its roots. Not with its own roots, at least. Beyond the roots of the plant itself, a network of fungi expands and brings from the deepest parts of the soil all of the necessary nutrients for the plant’s tasks of producing food and sustaining itself. This type of fungi is called mycorrhizal fungi, from the Greek words ‘mýkes’ and ‘rhiza’; ‘fungus’ and ‘root’ respectively, and these mycorrhizal fungi and plants maintain a mutualistic relationship that goes back millions of years. A symbiotic association between mycorrhiza fungi liquid and plants is established at the root level. To allow two-way nutrition exchange, these mycorrhiza liquids envelop and, in some cases, penetrate the structure of plant roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi use their mycelium to expand the roots of the plants they interact with, making it easier for them to obtain nutrients, minerals, and water from a greater distance. Photosynthesized sugars are given to the fungus by the mycorrhizal plant in exchange. Some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi examples are ectomycorrhiza (the fungi responsible for a lot of the mushrooms that can be found in a forest), orchid mycorrhiza (those help orchids and similar plants obtain nutrients from the air), and arbuscular mycorrhiza. Arbuscular mycorrhizal is the most widespread type, occurring in over 85% of all plant families and throughout most crop species. What are the benefits of mycorrhizal associations? Extending the reach of the plant’s roots (often doubling and triplicating them, under favorable conditions) thus increasing not only the depth they can reach but also the amount of surface covered by root mass. Stimulating the absorption of all important nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, iron, manganese, magnesium, copper, zinc, boron, sulphur and molybdenum) by enhancing their availability. Particularly improving the rate of uptake and mobilization of phosphate across all crops, thus reducing phosphorus fertilization requirements. Outcompeting harmful pathogens by rapidly colonizing the roots of the plants, creating a protective barrier against root diseases. Mycorrhizal soil is much harder for pests to colonize, simply because there’s no space for them. Generating an immune response in the plant that, while not killing mycorrhizal fungi, increases the resistance of the plant to future fungal diseases, thus serving as something akin to a ‘plant vaccine’. Producing chemical compounds that attract pest predators when a plant is under attack by pests, mirroring the processes that the plant uses to produce such compounds and boosting predator attraction. Dramatically increasing plant resistance to changing climate and soil conditions such as drought, heat, and even salinity increase. Water absorption, in particular, is enhanced by the mycelia of mycorrhizal fungi serving as root hairs for this purpose. Increasing the overall yield of your plants, by the combined functions of improved nutrient and water absorption and increased resistance to disease and climate conditions. Reducing soil erosion through the production of glomalin by the mycorrhizal fungi, which serves as a binding agent that improves soil structure and increases carbon content. When applied to soil mycorrhizal fungi will produce this protein to coat their hyphae, beneficially releasing it into the ground when they die. A case in practice: mycorrhizal inoculation in corn crops For a simple answer to the question of what are mycorrhizal fungi (and, above all, why do they matter), in the image at left it is possible to see a graphic depiction of how well corn responds to a mycorrhizal fungi inoculation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grow from within the cells of the roots themselves, serving as ‘branches’ for the expansion of the root system. The fungi associate themselves with the cellular structure of the roots, and begin expanding their hyphae through the soil, bringing nutrients and water to the plant and increasing their reach as their plant host grows stronger and larger. This increases the efficiency with which the plant absorbs the nutrients present in the soil, reducing nutrient runoff and fertilization requirements, as well as improving resistance to drought and disease; ultimately increasing yields and overall plant health. Methods of application of mycorrhizal fungi: The following table provides a basis for how to use arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in different scenarios, detailing, in particular, the doses required according to each method and to the type of plant being grown (annuals vs. perennials): 1. Application by seed dressing: In an appropriate container for the volume of product required, mix the mycorrhizal inoculant with crude sugar at a proportion of two parts of sugar for one part of mycorrhizal inoculant (for 20-100 kilograms of seed, 100 grams of sugar per 50 grams of mycorrhizal inoculant) insufficient water to make a slurry. Use this liquid preparation to coat the seeds, and allow them to dry in the shade before sowing, casting or dibbling them in the field. Do not store the coated seeds for more than 24 hours before planting. 2. Application directly into soil: Mycorrhizal fungi can be directly applied into the soil through several different strategies, detailed next. Mix the mycorrhizal inoculant with compost at the required dosages, and apply this mixture directly into the soil at the early life stages of the plants, along with any other biofertilizers that may be used. Mix the mycorrhizal inoculant with water at the required dosages, and apply this mixture directly into the soil at the early life stages of the plants, along with any other biofertilizers that may be used. Apply the mycorrhizal inoculant mixed with water under a drip irrigation scheme, filtering out the solution before adding it to the drip tank if any insoluble particles are noticed during its preparation. Use mycorrhizal fungi to boost the continued growth of perennial plants by dissolving the mycorrhizal inoculant in water at the adequate dosage, and drenching the soil where the roots are (for trees, use the drip line as a reference) twice a year. It is recommended to make a first application of this mixture before the onset of the spring, rainfall season or first monsoon, and the second application after the end of the main monsoon, rainfall season or spring season. 3. Application of mycorrhizal fungi as spray. It is recommended that mycorrhizal fungi are applied as close as possible to the roots they will colonize, to ensure maximum effectivity and inoculation rate. If applying as a spray, mix the mycorrhizal liquid at a proportion of 5 milliliters per liter of water, and spray at the drip line of the canopy of the plant. The total volume of the mycorrhizal mixture required may vary depending on the canopy size (and its corresponding drip line). Shelf life and packaging: Shelf life: The product is best before 24 months. Store at room temperature, away from sunlight, heat and humidity. Packaging: The product arrives in a one-kilogram pouch. Relative to plants and their roots, mycorrhizal fungi tend to have a wider temperature tolerance, which may reflect their ability to produce protective compounds. [Read more ] Downloads Product Information Label Information Click here for Product Enquiry Related Articles Let’s take a moment to appreciate the importance of soil inoculants for an organic future It’s no secret that conventionally-cultivated soils tend to become, by themselves, poor. They’re often managed under exploitative... Could mycorrhizal fungi serve as a defense barrier against climate change? The presence of mycorrhizal fungi is a part as vital to sustainable agricultural production as our own intestinal flora is to our nutrition. Mycorrhizal fungi, alongside beneficial bacteria, form the basis of the soil ecosystem and are the first organisms that really break down the nutrients present there into a form that is truly available for plants to use them. But recent research shows that they can also do more: they could be our first line of defense against climate ch

Bacillus macerans is a facultative anaerobic bacterium known for its ability to degrade complex carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch. This activity makes it highly effective in organic decomposition processes, such as composting and agricultural residue management, contributing to improved soil health and nutrient cycling. In industrial applications, B. macerans produces valuable enzymes like cellulases and amylases, which are used in biofuel production, paper processing, and textile industries. Its role in breaking down organic polymers also supports bioremediation efforts, helping manage agricultural and industrial waste sustainably.. < Microbial Species Bacillus macerans Bacillus macerans is a facultative anaerobic bacterium known for its ability to degrade complex carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch. This activity makes it highly effective in organic decomposition processes, such as composting and agricultural residue management, contributing to improved soil health and nutrient cycling. In industrial applications, B. macerans produces valuable enzymes like cellulases and amylases, which are used in biofuel production, paper processing, and textile industries. Its role in breaking down organic polymers also supports bioremediation efforts, helping manage agricultural and industrial waste sustainably.. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Polysaccharide Degradation Produces enzymes that break down complex polysaccharides, aiding in the decomposition of organic waste. Cellulose Breakdown Efficiently degrades cellulose, contributing to the recycling of plant materials and organic matter. Bioremediation of Wastewater Helps treat industrial and agricultural wastewater by breaking down contaminants. Soil Health Improvement Enhances soil fertility by promoting organic matter decomposition, supporting plant growth and sustainable agriculture. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Citrobacter braakii Citrobacter freundii More Products Resources Read all

Bacillus popilliae a beneficial bacterium targeting Japanese beetle grubs. Safe for non-target organisms, no adverse effects on humans or environment. Provides long-term pest control without residue. < Microbial Species Bacillus popilliae Bacillus popilliae a beneficial bacterium targeting Japanese beetle grubs. Safe for non-target organisms, no adverse effects on humans or environment. Provides long-term pest control without residue. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Sustainable Solution Provides a long-term solution to pest problems by reducing the need for chemical insecticides. It breaks down rapidly in the environment without pollution. Cost-Effective and Efficient Effective in very small quantities, relatively inexpensive compared to traditional pesticides, efficiently controls beetle grub populations. Environmental Safety Safe for non-target organisms, including humans and beneficial insects, making it an eco-friendly choice for pest management. Targeted Pest Control Targets specific beetle grubs, such as Japanese beetle grubs, effectively reducing their populations before they can cause damage to plants. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Key Research Publications Rippere, K.E., Tran, M.T., Yousten, A.A., et al. (1998). "Bacillus popilliae and Bacillus lentimorbus, bacteria causing milky disease in Japanese beetles and related scarab larvae." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology , 48(2):395-402. tsusinvasives Sharpe, E.S. & Bulla, L.A. (1970). "Characteristics of a New Strain of Bacillus popilliae Which Reproduces in Artificial Media." Applied Microbiology , 20(4):671-677. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Zhang, J., Hodgman, T.C., Krieger, L., et al. (1997). "Cloning and analysis of the first cry gene from Bacillus popilliae." Journal of Bacteriology , 179(13):4336-4341. cabidigitallibrary EPA Biopesticides Fact Sheet (2004). "Biopesticides Registration Action Document: Bacillus popilliae Spores." US Environmental Protection Agency. epa Klein, M.G. (1992). "Problems with in vitro production of spores of Bacillus popilliae for use in biological control of the Japanese beetle." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 60(3):283-291. cabidigitallibrary St Julian, G., Bulla, L.A., & Detroy, R.W. (1978). "Stored Bacillus popilliae spores and their infectivity against Popillia japonica larvae." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 32(3):258-263. sciencedirect Mode of Action Primary Mechanism: Milky Spore Disease Bacillus popilliae operates through a highly specific obligate parasitic mechanism targeting Japanese beetle grubs and related scarab larvae. The mode of action involves several sequential stages: epa+1 Step 1: Spore Ingestion Japanese beetle grubs consume B. popilliae spores while feeding on organic matter and root systems in the soil. The spores remain dormant until ingested by susceptible scarab larvae. utia.tennessee+1 Step 2: Spore Germination and Gut Colonization Once inside the grub's digestive system, the spores germinate into active vegetative bacteria cells. These bacteria penetrate the gut wall and enter the grub's hemocoel (body cavity). plantwiseplusknowledgebank+1 Step 3: Systemic Infection and Multiplication The bacteria undergo rapid vegetative growth throughout the grub's body cavity, multiplying extensively in the hemolymph (insect blood). The grub continues to live and feed during this infection period, which can last several weeks to months. sciencedirect+2 Step 4: Sporulation and Milky Appearance As bacterial populations reach critical levels (up to 5 x 10¹⁰ spores per milliliter of hemolymph), the bacteria begin asynchronous sporulation. This massive spore production gives the grub's hemolymph a characteristic milky white appearance , hence the name "milky disease". maine+1 Step 5: Host Death and Spore Release The infected grub eventually dies from septicemia as bacterial populations overwhelm its immune system. Upon death, the grub's body releases 1-2 billion new spores into the surrounding soil, creating a persistent inoculum for future grub populations. learn.eartheasy+2 Environmental Persistence B. popilliae spores are extremely resilient, surviving in soil for 10-20 years under natural conditions. This long-term persistence provides ongoing protection against Japanese beetle populations without repeated applications. arbico-organics+1 Target Specificity The bacterium demonstrates remarkable host specificity , primarily affecting Japanese beetles ( Popillia japonica ) and closely related scarab species while showing no adverse effects on non-target organisms including other insects, earthworms, birds, mammals, or plants. arbico-organics.blogspot+1 Additional Info Target pests: Beetle grubs such as Japanese beetle grubs, lawn grubs, and white grubs Recommended Crops: Ornamental plants, lawn gardens, shrubs, fruit trees, ornamental trees, vines, and vegetable crops.. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Seasonal crops First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting Second application: Three weeks after first application Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Seed Dressing : 1 Kg seed: 10 g Bacillus Popilliae + 10 g crude sugar Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Seasonal crops First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting Second application: Three weeks after first application Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 1-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 – 12.5 Kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Seed Dressing : 1 Kg seed: 10g Bacillus Popilliae + 10 g crude sugar Seed Dressing Method Mix Bacillus Popilliae with crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry. Coat seeds and dry in shade before sowing / broadcasting / dibbling in the field. Do not store treated / coated seeds for more than 24 hrs. Soil Application Method Mix Bacillus Popilliae at recommended doses with compost and apply during early crop stages along with other biofertilizers. Apply twice for seasonal crops like vegetables: First application at land preparation stage / sowing / planting, second application three weeks later. Drip Irrigation : If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add to the drip tank. Long duration crops / Perennial / Orchard crops : Dissolve Bacillus Popilliae at recommended doses in sufficient water. Apply as a drenching spray near the root zone four times a year. First application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season, second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Bacillus Popilliae may be used along with Paecilomyces lilacinus as a very effective nematode control application. FAQ What is Bacillus popilliae used for? Bacillus popilliae is a biological control agent specifically designed to control Japanese beetle grubs and related scarab larvae. It causes "milky spore disease" in target pests, providing long-term, environmentally safe grub control in lawns, ornamental gardens, and turf areas. This natural bacterium is particularly valuable for organic and sustainable pest management programs. learn.eartheasy+3 How long does it take for Bacillus popilliae to work? Bacillus popilliae typically kills infected grubs within 7-21 days after ingestion. However, visible results in grub population reduction may take 1-3 years to become apparent as the bacteria establishes itself in the soil and spreads naturally throughout the treatment area. Complete soil inoculation and maximum effectiveness can take 2-4 years depending on climate conditions. epa+3 Is Bacillus popilliae safe for humans and pets? Yes, Bacillus popilliae is completely safe for humans, pets, and non-target wildlife. The EPA has determined that no harm is expected to humans or the environment from its use. It does not affect birds, mammals, earthworms, beneficial insects, or plants. This makes it an ideal choice for residential areas, children's play areas, and organic gardening applications. sitem.herts+3 How often should I apply Bacillus popilliae? Powder formulation: Requires only one application for long-term control, as the bacteria naturally multiplies and spreads in the soil. arbico-organics+1 Granular formulation: Apply twice annually for 2 consecutive years (typically spring and fall applications) to ensure complete soil inoculation. lawnchick+1 The bacteria remains active in treated soil for 10-20 years, providing ongoing protection without additional applications. arbico-organics.blogspot+1 What is the best time to apply Bacillus popilliae? Apply Bacillus popilliae when soil temperature is above 65°F (18°C) and grubs are actively feeding. Optimal application periods include: learn.eartheasy+1 Late summer to early fall (August-October) when third-instar grubs are feeding heavily Late spring (May-June) when grubs resume feeding after winter dormancy Avoid winter applications when soil is frozen or grubs are inactive epa Important: Always water lightly after application to help spores penetrate into the soil where grubs are feeding. epa+1 Can Bacillus popilliae be used with other pest control methods? Yes, Bacillus popilliae is fully compatible with other biological control agents and integrated pest management strategies. It works synergistically with: arbico-organics+1 Beneficial nematodes (especially Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species) for enhanced grub control aphis.usda+1 Other biological pesticides and plant growth promoters Organic fertilizers and soil amendments Avoid using with chemical pesticides and fungicides, as these may reduce bacterial viability and effectiveness. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih Does Bacillus popilliae work on all types of grubs? Bacillus popilliae is highly specific to Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) and closely related scarab species. It does not control other common white grubs such as: slosson.ucdavis+1 European chafer grubs June beetle grubs Annual white grubs Other non-scarab soil pests This specificity is actually beneficial, as it preserves beneficial soil organisms while targeting only the pest species. arbico-organics.blogspot How much area does one application cover? Coverage rates vary by formulation: Powder form: 10 ounces covers approximately 2,500 square feet epa Granular form: 1 pound covers approximately 350 square feet arbico-organics Application pattern: Apply in a grid pattern with spots 4 feet apart in rows 4 feet apart for powder formulations. Use drop spreaders for even distribution of granular formulations. lawnchick+2 Sustainability Advantage Related Products Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Lysinibacillus sphaericus More Products Resources Read all

Bacillus licheniformis is a robust, spore-forming bacterium widely recognized for its diverse applications in agriculture, bioremediation, and industrial processes. It enhances soil fertility by solubilizing phosphorus, fixing nitrogen, and producing plant growth-promoting substances like phytohormones. This bacterium also produces enzymes such as proteases, amylases, and cellulases, which contribute to the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling. In bioremediation, B. licheniformis degrades pollutants, including hydrocarbons, and tolerates extreme environmental conditions. Additionally, its ability to produce antimicrobial compounds helps suppress plant pathogens, making it a valuable tool for sustainable agriculture and environmental management. < Microbial Species Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus licheniformis is a robust, spore-forming bacterium widely recognized for its diverse applications in agriculture, bioremediation, and industrial processes. It enhances soil fertility by solubilizing phosphorus, fixing nitrogen, and producing plant growth-promoting substances like phytohormones. This bacterium also produces enzymes such as proteases, amylases, and cellulases, which contribute to the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling. In bioremediation, B. licheniformis degrades pollutants, including hydrocarbons, and tolerates extreme environmental conditions. Additionally, its ability to produce antimicrobial compounds helps suppress plant pathogens, making it a valuable tool for sustainable agriculture and environmental management. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Heavy Metal Detoxification Helps remove toxic heavy metals from contaminated environments, reducing their harmful impact on ecosystems. Enzyme Production Produces enzymes like proteases and amylases that aid in breaking down organic matter, improving soil and water quality. Pollutant Degradation Effectively degrades pollutants like hydrocarbons, contributing to the cleanup of oil spills and industrial waste. Agricultural Benefits Promotes plant growth by improving nutrient availability, enhancing soil health, and supporting sustainable agriculture. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii Citrobacter freundii More Products Resources Read all

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a beneficial bacterium used in agriculture for its association with sugarcane and other crops, where it fixes nitrogen and enhances plant growth and productivity. < Microbial Species Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a beneficial bacterium used in agriculture for its association with sugarcane and other crops, where it fixes nitrogen and enhances plant growth and productivity. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Stress Tolerance Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus synthesizes stress-protective compounds like osmoprotectants and antioxidants, helping plants tolerate various stresses like drought and salinity. Enhanced Plant Growth It promotes plant growth through the production of plant growth-promoting substances such as auxins and gibberellins, stimulating root and shoot development. Nitrogen Fixation Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, providing a direct nitrogen source to the host plant, which enhances plant growth and reduces fertilizer dependency. Biofertilizer It serves as a biofertilizer, enhancing soil fertility and nutrient availability by solubilizing phosphates and other minerals, improving overall soil health. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus has been extensively studied with over 200 research publications demonstrating its nitrogen fixation capabilities, plant growth promotion effects, and successful application in various crops including sugarcane, rice, tomato, and maize. frontiersin+2 "Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus: A Model for Plant Growth Promotion" URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10066818/ "Biological nitrogen fixation in sugarcane by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus" URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925521409002299 "Genomic insights into nitrogen fixation and plant association of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PA1 5" URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00093/full "The Methylotrophic, Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Interacts with the Endophytic Environment of Sugarcane" URL: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aem.63.11.4661-4667.1997 "Plant Growth Promotion and Biocontrol Activity of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Isolated from Sugarcane" URL: https://www.scielo.br/j/bjm/a/ZjvjFSHRz6YcFtzQ9CvFhmG/?lang=en Mode of Action Biological Nitrogen Fixation : Utilizes the nitrogenase enzyme complex (NifDK) to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia under microaerobic conditions, with protective mechanisms including CowN protein that prevents carbon monoxide inhibition and upregulated antioxidant pathways to control reactive oxygen species. faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley+4 Plant Growth Promotion : Produces indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) through the indole pyruvate pathway, synthesizes gibberellins A1 and A3, and solubilizes insoluble phosphates through gluconic acid production via pyrroloquinoline quinone-linked glucose dehydrogenase activity. academicjournals+4 Endophytic Colonization : Establishes in plant apoplastic spaces through root emergence sites, root hairs, and root tips without forming nodules, allowing direct nutrient transfer to host plants while activating plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. ( pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Treatment: Prepare a mixture of 2.5 kg of Gluconacetobacter Diazotrophicus with 200 liters of water and soak seeds for 30 minutes before planting. Do not store treated seeds for more than an hour. Soil Treatment: Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Gluconacetobacter Diazotrophicus with organic manure or fertilizers. Incorporate into the soil during planting or sowing. Irrigation: Mix 3 kg per acre of Gluconacetobacter Diazotrophicus in water and apply through drip lines. FAQ What is the use of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus? Primary uses include biological nitrogen fixation (reducing fertilizer dependency by up to 50%), plant growth promotion through hormone production, phosphate solubilization, and enhancing plant stress tolerance under drought and nutrient-limited conditions. ( pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 ) What are the benefits of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus? Key benefits include increased plant biomass (up to 92% dry weight increase), enhanced root and shoot development, improved nitrogen uptake efficiency, phosphate availability enhancement, production of growth-promoting hormones (auxins, gibberellins), and activation of plant defense responses against pathogens. ( journalijpss+3 ) Why is Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus preferred for inoculating sugarcane? Originally discovered in Brazilian sugarcane, it naturally colonizes sugarcane tissues as an endophyte, demonstrates high compatibility with sugarcane physiology, can provide up to 80% of plant nitrogen requirements through biological fixation, and has proven effectiveness in increasing sugarcane yield and reducing fertilizer costs in field trials. ( link .springer+3 ) Sustainability Advantage Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium japonicum More Products Resources Read all

Nomuraea Rileyi is a beneficial fungus used as a biological pest control agent targeting lepidopteran insects. It results in an outbreak in the insect host population. < Microbial Species Nomuraea rileyi Nomuraea Rileyi is a beneficial fungus used as a biological pest control agent targeting lepidopteran insects. It results in an outbreak in the insect host population. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits High specificity Targets moths, cutworms, and armyworms. Environmentally friendly Safe for the environment and non-target species. Long-term efficacy Provides sustainable pest control without inducing resistance. Effective mode of action Infects pests through contact, leading to population reduction. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Kepler RM, Humber RA, Bischoff JF, Rehner SA. Clarification of generic and species boundaries for Metarhizium and related fungi through multigene phylogenetics. Mycologia , 2014;106(4):811–829. DOI: 10.3852/13-319 Kumar V, Singh GP, Kumar V, Babu AM, Datta RK. SEM study on the invasion of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) on silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn. causing green muscardine. Mycopathologia , 1997;139(3):141–144. DOI: 10.1023/A:1006800231647 Liu S, Yuan Z, Zhang X, Hao X, Guo X, Yang J. Toxicity assessment and transcriptomic analysis of Metarhizium rileyi (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): identification of tyrosol as a key quorum sensing regulator of pathogenicity. Journal of Economic Entomology , 2025;118(4):1565–1578. DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaf144 Zhong K, Liu ZC, Wang JL, Liu XS. The entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi impairs cellular immunity of its host Helicoverpa armigera . Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology , 2017;96(1). DOI: 10.1002/arch.21402 Kiuchi M, Yasui H, Hayasaka S, Kamimura M. Entomogenous fungus Nomuraea rileyi inhibits host insect molting by C22-oxidizing inactivation of hemolymph ecdysteroids. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology , 2003;52(1):35–44. DOI: 10.1002/arch.10060 Fan L, Li X, Li H, Li B, Wang J, He L, Wang Z, Lin Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis to unveil genes affecting the host cuticle destruction in Metarhizium rileyi . Current Genetics , 2023;69(4-6):253–265. DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01274-2 Faria M, Souza DA, Sanches MM, Schmidt FGV, Oliveira CM, Benito NP, Lopes RB. Evaluation of key parameters for developing a Metarhizium rileyi -based biopesticide against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize: laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials. Pest Management Science , 2021;78(3):1146–1154. DOI: 10.1002/ps.6729 Ramos Y, Pineda-Guillermo S, Tamez-Guerra P, Orozco-Flores AA, Figueroa de la Rosa JI, Ramos-Ortiz S, Chavarrieta-Yáñez JM, Martínez-Castillo AM. Natural prevalence, molecular characteristics, and biological activity of Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) isolated from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) larvae in Mexico. Journal of Fungi , 2024;10(6):416. DOI: 10.3390/jof10060416 Ramos Y, Pineda-Guillermo S, Tamez-Guerra P, Valle-Mora JF, Figueroa-de la Rosa JI, Ramos-Ortiz S, Palma-Castillo LJ, Martínez-Castillo AM. Biocontrol of fall armyworm larvae by selected Mexican Metarhizium rileyi isolates under greenhouse and small-scale field conditions in maize. Insects , 2025;16(7):706. DOI: 10.3390/insects16070706 Gundreddy RR, Reddy BS, Jayanth BV, Shashikala M, Saw G, Udaykumar E, Kamil D, Alzahrani FA, Udavant RN, Ashraf S, Paul B. Molecular identification and virulence assessment of Metarhizium rileyi isolates against fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ). Archives of Microbiology , 2025;207(12):313. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-025-04506-w Acharya R, Lee JY, Hwang HS, Kim MK, Lee SY, Jung HY, Park I, Lee KY. Identification of entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi infested in fall armyworm in the cornfield of Korea, and evaluation of its virulence. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology , 2022;111(4):e21965. DOI: 10.1002/arch.21965 Barros SKA, de Almeida EG, Ferreira FTR, Barreto MR, Lopes RB, Pitta RM. Field efficacy of Metarhizium rileyi applications against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize. Neotropical Entomology , 2021;50(6):976–988. DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00903-0 Lopes RB, Faria M, Souza DA, Sosa-Gómez DR. Potential impact of chemical fungicides on the efficacy of Metarhizium rileyi and the occurrence of Pandora gammae on caterpillars in soybean crops. Microbial Ecology , 2022;86(1):647–657. DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02102-9 Perinotto WMS, Terra ALM, Angelo IC, Fernandes ÉKK, Golo PS, Camargo MG, Bittencourt VREP. Nomuraea rileyi as biological control agents of Rhipicephalus microplus tick. Parasitology Research , 2012;111(4):1743–1748. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3018-3 Vivekanandhan P, Kamaraj C, Alharbi SA, Ansari MJ. Novel report on soil infection with Metarhizium rileyi against soil-dwelling life stages of insect pests. Journal of Basic Microbiology , 2024;64(8):e2400159. DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400159 Grijalba EP, Espinel C, Cuartas PE, Chaparro ML, Villamizar LF. Metarhizium rileyi biopesticide to control Spodoptera frugiperda : stability and insecticidal activity under glasshouse conditions. Fungal Biology , 2018;122(11):1069–1076. DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.08.010 Song Z, Yin Y, Jiang S, Liu J, Chen H, Wang Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis of microsclerotia development in Nomuraea rileyi . BMC Genomics , 2013;14:411. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-411 Licona-Juárez KC, Andrade EP, Medina HR, Oliveira JNS, Sosa-Gómez DR, Rangel DEN. Tolerance to UV-B radiation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi . Fungal Biology , 2023;127(7-8):1250–1258. DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.04.004 Vega-Aquino P, Sanchez-Peña S, Blanco CA. Activity of oil-formulated conidia of the fungal entomopathogens Nomuraea rileyi and Isaria tenuipes against lepidopterous larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 2009;103(3):145–149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.12.002 Park JA, Kim Y. Phospholipase A₂ inhibitors in bacterial culture broth enhance pathogenicity of a fungus Nomuraea rileyi . Journal of Microbiology , 2012;50(4):644–651. DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2108-3 Devi PSV, Prasad YG, Chowdary DA, Rao LM, Balakrishnan K. Identification of virulent isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (F) Samson for the management of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura . Mycopathologia , 2003;156(4):365–373. DOI: 10.1023/b:myco.0000003578.38483.34 Withers AJ, Rice A, de Boer J, Donkersley P, Pearson AJ, Chipabika G, Karangwa P, Uzayisenga B, Mensah BA, Mensah SA, Nkunika POY, Kachigamba D, Smith JA, Jones CM, Wilson K. The distribution of covert microbial natural enemies of a globally invasive crop pest, fall armyworm, in Africa: enemy release and spillover events. Journal of Animal Ecology , 2022;91(9):1826–1841. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13760 Chen H, Yin Y, Feng E, Xie X, Wang Z. Thioredoxin peroxidase gene is involved in resistance to biocontrol fungus Nomuraea rileyi in Spodoptera litura : gene cloning, expression, localization and function. Developmental and Comparative Immunology , 2013;44(1):76–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.012 Chen H, Yin Y, Feng E, Xie X, Wang Z. Structure and expression of a cysteine proteinase gene from Spodoptera litura and its response to biocontrol fungus Nomuraea rileyi . Insect Molecular Biology , 2014;23(2):255–268. DOI: 10.1111/imb.12078 Svinningen AE, Jegathambigai V, Mikunthan G. Nomuraea rileyi : a plausible fungi selectively controlling lepidopteron, Paraponyx stratiotata L. damaging queen palm ( Livistona rotundifolia L.). Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences , 2010;75(3):279–293. PMID: 21539246 Peer-reviewed sources were located via PubMed. Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info What this organism is Nomuraea rileyi is an entomopathogenic fungus — a fungus whose natural hosts are insects — used as a microbial ingredient in biological insecticide products targeting caterpillar pests (Lepidoptera). It occurs naturally in soil and in caterpillar populations and is best known as the cause of "green muscardine disease," named for the pale green conidial coat that covers an infected, mummified larva once the fungus sporulates externally (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). A name that has changed — read alongside FAQ 1 This organism has been reclassified in current mycological taxonomy. A 2014 multigene phylogenetic study resolved the boundaries of the genus Metarhizium and found that it should absorb the green-spored Nomuraea species, among others, because Metarhizium has priority as the earliest available name for this group of fungi (Kepler et al. 2014, DOI ). Under that framework, the current name is Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber. Current peer-reviewed literature uses both names, often together (for example, " Metarhizium rileyi (Nomuraea rileyi)"), and applied entomology and the biopesticide trade have been slower to adopt the new name than the mycological literature. IndoGulf BioAg retains Nomuraea rileyi as the name in the current approved product specification, reflecting this taxonomic update rather than changing the label name without notice. Documented host range Evidence is concentrated in noctuid moth larvae, with fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) the most heavily studied target in current literature because of its global invasive spread since 2016 (Withers et al. 2022, DOI ). Pest Crop context Evidence Fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) Maize The dominant subject of current research; natural infection rates of 23–90% were recorded across five Mexican maize-growing locations, and 24 isolates tested against second-instar larvae caused 70–98.7% mortality (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ) Tobacco cutworm ( Spodoptera litura ) Cotton, tobacco, vegetables Subject of extensive host-immune-response research in China; a Korean field strain caused 89% mortality of fourth-instar larvae seven days after treatment when tested on a related noctuid, oriental armyworm ( Mythimna separata ) (Acharya et al. 2022, DOI ) Cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) Cotton Documented host in immune-suppression and isolate-screening studies (Devi et al. 2003, DOI ) Velvetbean caterpillar ( Anticarsia gemmatalis ) and soybean looper ( Chrysodeixis includens ) Soybean Naturally occurring and applied biocontrol target in Brazilian soybean systems, alongside another naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus, Pandora gammae (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ) Silkworm ( Bombyx mori ) Sericulture Not a pest-control target — this is the classic host in which the infection process and "green muscardine" disease were first characterized in detail, and a natural disease risk in silk-producing regions (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ) Comprehensive transcriptome work describes this organism as capable of parasitizing more than 40 distinct insect species, predominantly within Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). Host range is not unlimited outside Lepidoptera. Tested against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus , efficacy varied sharply by isolate and life stage, and the authors concluded the organism "does not appear to be a remarkable biological control agent" for that target (Perinotto et al. 2012, DOI ). Susceptibility has to be established for the specific pest you are targeting, and claims should stay within the Lepidoptera-focused evidence base above. Why strain identity matters — and why IndoGulf develops its own Isolate-to-isolate variability in this species is unusually wide even by entomopathogenic-fungus standards. A screen of eleven Indian isolates against fall armyworm found LC₅₀ values ranging from 1.0 × 10⁶ to 3.8 × 10¹⁰ conidia/mL — more than four orders of magnitude apart (Gundreddy et al. 2025, DOI ). UV-B tolerance also varies substantially by isolate: of fourteen isolates tested, one maintained above 80% germination after two hours of UV-B exposure while several others fell well below that threshold under the same conditions (Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ). Published results for one isolate do not establish the same performance for another; this is why IndoGulf develops and stabilizes its own proprietary strain in-house rather than relying on a generic isolate. How infection develops The infection sequence is a multi-stage biological process, not a single toxic event: Attachment and penetration. Conidia attach to the larval cuticle and penetrate it using appressoria and a set of hydrolytic enzymes; transcriptome analysis identifies these cuticle-destroying processes as central to how the fungus establishes infection (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). An internal, non-pathogenic phase. Once inside the host, the fungus initially persists in a yeast-like (blastospore) form that does not actively kill the insect, before switching to a mycelial, pathogenic form. Recent transcriptomic work identified tyrosol as a quorum-sensing molecule that regulates this pathogenic switch (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). Suppression of the host's immune response. The fungus impairs the caterpillar's cellular immune defenses — phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation — apparently through cytotoxic compounds released into the hemolymph, rather than through direct destruction of immune cells alone (Zhong et al. 2017, DOI ). Host insects mount a measurable countering response, including upregulated antioxidant and immune-related genes (Chen et al. 2013, DOI ; Chen et al. 2014, DOI ). Disruption of molting. In a distinct and separately documented mechanism, the fungus secretes an enzyme that chemically inactivates the host's own molting hormone (ecdysteroids) by oxidizing it, blocking larval molt and normal metamorphosis (Kiuchi et al. 2003, DOI ). Death, mummification and external sporulation. The host dies, its body is fully colonized by fungal mycelium, and — under sufficiently humid conditions — the fungus sporulates on the cadaver's surface, producing the pale green conidial coat that gives the disease its common name and allowing the cycle to repeat (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Non-target and soil considerations Unlike a strictly foliar-active organism, this fungus has documented activity against soil-dwelling life stages: it caused 61–90% mortality of Spodoptera litura pupae and 46–73% mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda pupae in soil bioassays. In the same study, exposure produced no measurable sublethal effect on the non-target earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae or on brine shrimp ( Artemia salina ), including no discernible histopathological damage to earthworm gut tissue (Vivekanandhan et al. 2024, DOI ). This is species-level literature, not IndoGulf trial-specific data. Formulation and storage Formulations: wettable powder (1 × 10⁸ CFU/g) and soluble powder (1 × 10⁹ CFU/g) for field use; a 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g technical powder is also available as a bulk/manufacturing-grade input, not a direct field-application product (see Dosage & Application) Packaging: tailor-made to customer requirement Shelf life: 2 years from date of manufacture, under the recommended storage conditions below. A formulated emulsifiable-concentrate study on a related isolate maintained >85% conidial viability for 12 months under refrigeration and more than 3 months at 18°C (Grijalba et al. 2018, DOI ), which is consistent background context but is isolate- and formulation-specific, not a substitute for IndoGulf's own batch-release and end-of-shelf-life testing. Storage: cool, dry conditions, out of direct sunlight, away from fungicides and disinfectants; do not store prepared spray solution for more than 24 hours Because this is a living, fastidious organism, storage and transport conditions directly determine how many viable propagules reach the field. Commercialization of this species has historically been complicated by its fastidious growth and sporulation requirements (Song et al. 2013, DOI ), which is part of why formulation quality and cold-chain handling matter more for this organism than for some other microbial actives. Where it fits Nomuraea rileyi is used as a component of an integrated pest-management program for caterpillar pests, alongside monitoring, cultural practice, and — where appropriate — other control tactics on a resistance-management schedule. It is not positioned as a stand-alone replacement for every insecticide application, and its field performance is conditional on larval stage, application placement, humidity and formulation, as set out above. Dosage & Application Application rates Formulation Potency Foliar rate Soil application Water volume Frequency Wettable powder 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g 2 kg/acre (5 kg/hectare) 2–5 kg/acre (5–12.5 kg/hectare) Sufficient for full coverage of the infested plant part Twice per season for long-duration crops (pre- and post-monsoon) Soluble powder 1 × 10⁹ CFU/g 200 g/acre (500 g/hectare) 200–500 g/acre (500 g–1.25 kg/hectare) Sufficient for full coverage of the infested plant part Twice per season for long-duration crops Technical powder 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g Not applicable — see note below Not applicable — — A note on the 1×10¹⁰ CFU/g grade: this is a technical-grade powder, not a field-application formulation. It is a high-concentration input generally supplied for further formulation, downstream manufacturing, or private-label/bulk use rather than direct field application at that concentration. No foliar or soil field rate applies to it. Rates on registered labels are set per market, crop and pest; the table above carries forward the rate structure already published on the site, not a substitute for the approved label in your target market. When to apply Nomuraea rileyi — now generally classified as Metarhizium rileyi in current fungal taxonomy (see FAQ 1) — is a living fungus. It has to land on the caterpillar, germinate, and penetrate the cuticle before it does anything, so timing is a decision about larval stage and weather, not a fixed calendar date. Target young larvae, not late instars. Laboratory work on fall armyworm found third-instar larvae markedly more susceptible than fourth-instar larvae (LC₅₀ of 3.15 × 10⁷ conidia/mL versus 1.04 × 10⁸ conidia/mL) (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). Most published efficacy trials against fall armyworm use second-instar larvae, before the caterpillar has burrowed into the whorl (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ). Scout for young larvae and apply before the population moves into concealed feeding sites. Direct the spray at the actual feeding site, not just the canopy. In maize, conventional broadcast spraying of unformulated conidia produced only 27–31% larval mortality in field trials, while spraying the same conidia directly into the whorl — where fall armyworm larvae actually feed — raised mortality to roughly 59% when combined with a second biological agent (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Coverage of the pest's actual location, not the plant as a whole, is the single biggest lever on field performance. Spray into humid conditions and avoid peak sunlight. Germination and cuticle penetration were studied under 80% relative humidity at 24°C in the classic infection-sequence description of this organism (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ), and UV-B exposure measurably damages conidia: across fourteen isolates, germination fell below 40% after three hours of UV-B exposure for most isolates tested (Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ). Early morning or evening application, avoiding the midday sun, gives the conidia the best chance to establish. A dedicated field study correlating natural rainfall patterns with N. rileyi epizootic onset was not located in this research pass. Do not expect a fast knockdown. In the classic description of infection in silkworm, conidia attached and began penetrating within 24–36 hours, the larva died at 6–7 days, and external sporulation (the diagnostic green conidial coat that gives "green muscardine" disease its name) appeared only at 9–10 days (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Assess results roughly a week after application, not the next day. Repeat applications as monitoring data requires. Field trials in maize used sequential sprays through the season rather than a single application (Barros et al. 2021, DOI ). Mixing and spray preparation Prepare the spray fresh and use it within 24 hours of mixing. Keep the spray tank out of direct sun while mixing and during application. Agitate continuously so the suspension does not settle. Treat fungicides with caution. In a study on soybean fungicides used against soybean rust, two fungicide combinations (azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr; trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole) reduced conidial germinability on treated leaf surfaces in laboratory testing, and none of the formulations tested protected the conidia from this effect; larval mortality due to the fungus fell by 30–40% compared with fungicide-free treatment. In field trials over two seasons, however, a single fungicide application at the field-recommended rate did not measurably reduce the fungus's natural infection rate over time (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). The laboratory finding is the more conservative one to plan around: avoid tank-mixing with fungicides, and leave an interval between a fungicide application and this product, unless compatibility has been confirmed for the specific products and conditions in use. Oil-based formulation is a documented option for this organism: conidia suspended in vegetable (canola, soybean) or mineral oil performed at least as well as, and in some trials better than, a water + surfactant suspension against Spodoptera species, with the fastest kill (LT₅₀ of 2.5–4.7 days) obtained in mineral-oil formulations (Vega-Aquino et al. 2010, DOI ). Confirm this applies to the specific commercial formulation before recommending it. Check spray-water pH, hardness and residual chlorine against the label requirements. Coverage Fall armyworm and other noctuid larvae feed concealed in the whorl, leaf folds or soil, not on exposed leaf surfaces. Direct the spray at the actual larval feeding site — the whorl in maize, the leaf underside on broadleaf crops — rather than a general canopy pass. This is the single factor most clearly shown in the literature to separate a strong laboratory result from a weak field one (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Before scale-up Any rate not printed on a registered label for your market is a starting point for controlled trial design, not a registered label recommendation. Confirm compatibility, viability after mixing, plant safety and performance on a small block before commercial use. Results may vary with pest species, larval stage, crop, canopy, climate, application method, water quality and management. Use only in accordance with the current product label and local requirements. FAQ Is Nomuraea rileyi now known as Metarhizium rileyi? In current mycological taxonomy, yes, in most published treatments. A 2014 multigene phylogenetic study of the genus Metarhizium and its relatives found that Metarhizium — which has priority as the earliest available name for this group — should absorb the green-spored species previously placed in the separate genus Nomuraea , among others (Kepler et al. 2014, DOI ). Under that framework, the correct name is Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber, and recent peer-reviewed papers frequently cite it that way, often noting the older name in parentheses. Practical note: naming in applied entomology and the biopesticide trade lags behind formal mycological revisions, and both names remain in active use in the current literature. IndoGulf BioAg retains Nomuraea rileyi as the name in the current approved product specification. Is Nomuraea rileyi effective against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)? Fall armyworm is the most extensively studied target for this organism in current literature, driven by its status as a major invasive pest across Africa and Asia since 2016 (Withers et al. 2022, DOI ). Results are genuinely strong under controlled conditions and genuinely mixed under field conditions, and both facts matter. Under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, results have been favorable: one isolate killed more than 95% of larvae within eight days at a low concentration in the laboratory, and greenhouse whorl applications produced 88–96% mortality (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Natural infection rates of 23–90% were recorded across Mexican maize fields, and two dozen isolates tested against second-instar larvae caused 70–98.7% mortality in bioassay (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ). Under conventional field spraying, results have been considerably more modest — 27–31% mortality in one multi-year field trial, rising to roughly 59% only when the spray was directed into the maize whorl and combined with a second biological agent (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ); a separate small-scale field trial found the fungus achieved a mortality proportion of 0.49 against a chemical-insecticide comparator's 0.72 (Ramos et al. 2025, DOI ). See FAQ 9 on why this gap exists and how to manage it. Which caterpillar pests are most commonly infected by Nomuraea rileyi? Primarily noctuid moth larvae. The best-documented targets in current literature are fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) in maize, tobacco cutworm ( Spodoptera litura ) and cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) in cotton and vegetable systems, oriental armyworm ( Mythimna separata ) in cereals, and velvetbean caterpillar ( Anticarsia gemmatalis ) and soybean looper ( Chrysodeixis includens ) in soybean (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ; Acharya et al. 2022, DOI ; Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). Transcriptome-level characterization work describes the species as capable of parasitizing more than 40 distinct hosts overall, predominantly within Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). Boundary: this is species-level literature across many named isolates, crops and geographies — not a claim that IndoGulf BioAg's specific formulation has been trial-tested against every pest listed. Which larval stages of armyworms are most susceptible to Nomuraea rileyi? Younger instars are consistently more susceptible than older ones. In fall armyworm, third-instar larvae had an LC₅₀ roughly three times lower than fourth-instar larvae of the same isolate (3.15 × 10⁷ versus 1.04 × 10⁸ conidia/mL) (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). Consistent with that finding, published isolate-screening trials against fall armyworm typically standardize on second-instar larvae as the test stage (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ). Practical implication: scout for and time applications to young larvae. Older larvae are both harder to kill and harder to reach, since later instars burrow into the whorl or stalk. The organism has also been shown to infect the soil-dwelling pupal stage of both fall armyworm and tobacco cutworm, an additional susceptible stage beyond the actively feeding larva (Vivekanandhan et al. 2024, DOI ). How does Nomuraea rileyi infect and kill caterpillar pests? By a multi-stage biological process, not a single toxic event. Conidia attach to the larval cuticle and penetrate it using appressoria and hydrolytic enzymes (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). Once inside, the fungus initially persists in a non-pathogenic, yeast-like form before switching to an actively pathogenic, mycelial form — a transition recently linked to the molecule tyrosol acting as a quorum-sensing signal (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). The fungus then suppresses the caterpillar's cellular immune defenses, including phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation (Zhong et al. 2017, DOI ), while the host mounts a countering oxidative-stress and immune response of its own (Chen et al. 2013, DOI ). A separately documented mechanism adds a second layer: the fungus secretes an enzyme that chemically inactivates the host's molting hormone (ecdysteroids), blocking normal molt and metamorphosis independent of tissue destruction (Kiuchi et al. 2003, DOI ). The host eventually dies and is fully colonized internally; under humid conditions the fungus then sporulates externally on the cadaver, producing the pale green conidial coat that gives "green muscardine disease" its name and allowing spores to disperse to new hosts (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Why are humidity and rainfall important for natural Nomuraea rileyi outbreaks? Every step of infection — conidial attachment, germination and cuticle penetration — is a moisture-dependent process occurring on an exposed larval surface or in the soil. The foundational description of the infection sequence in this organism was carried out under 80% relative humidity at 24°C, conditions under which germination occurred within 24 hours and cuticle penetration within 36 hours (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Conversely, sunlight is directly damaging to the conidia: across fourteen isolates tested for UV-B tolerance, germination fell below 40% after three hours of exposure for most isolates, and only the most tolerant isolate maintained germination above 80% after two hours (Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ). A note on the evidence: a field study specifically correlating rainfall patterns with the onset of natural N. rileyi epizootics was not located in this research pass, so no rainfall-triggered-outbreak figure is quoted here. The humidity and UV-sensitivity mechanisms above are well established and support the general statement that this organism performs best under humid conditions and is degraded by prolonged direct sun exposure. On which crops is Nomuraea rileyi commonly studied for biological pest control? Maize is by far the most heavily represented crop in current (2018–2025) literature, driven by fall armyworm and oriental armyworm research (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ; Barros et al. 2021, DOI ; Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ; Ramos et al. 2025, DOI ; Gundreddy et al. 2025, DOI ; Acharya et al. 2022, DOI ; Grijalba et al. 2018, DOI ). Soybean is the second major crop context, targeting velvetbean caterpillar and soybean looper (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). Cotton and vegetable systems appear through cotton bollworm and tobacco cutworm mechanistic research, much of it laboratory-based (Devi et al. 2003, DOI ; Zhong et al. 2017, DOI ). An older case study also documents use against a root-boring caterpillar pest of ornamental queen palm (Svinningen et al. 2010, PMID 21539246). Boundary: this list reflects the crops most represented in current peer-reviewed literature on this organism. IndoGulf's product may be used more broadly within an integrated pest-management program wherever the target caterpillar pests are present, in line with the approved product label for your market. Can Nomuraea rileyi be integrated with Bt, Beauveria or chemical insecticides? Direct, published tank-mix or rotational compatibility trials specifically combining N. rileyi with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or with Beauveria bassiana products were not located in this research pass. Both organisms are studied as parallel biocontrol options against the same pests (for example, both N. rileyi and Bt were used as comparative infection challenges in the same tobacco cutworm immune-response study), but that is not evidence that combining them in a single application is compatible or beneficial. What direct evidence does exist: this fungus has been successfully co-applied with a different type of biological control agent — a nucleopolyhedrovirus ( Spodoptera frugiperda baculovirus, SfMNPV) — with whorl-directed combined application in maize achieving roughly double the field mortality of conventional spraying of either agent alone (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Separately, metabolites from two entomopathogenic bacteria ( Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus temperata ) suppressed the host's immune response and measurably enhanced this fungus's pathogenicity in both laboratory and field assays (Park and Kim 2012, DOI ) — evidence that some biological combinations can be synergistic, though this involves different bacterial species than Bt. Against chemical insecticides , one direct field comparison exists: this fungus achieved lower fall armyworm mortality than the chemical insecticide spinetoram (49% versus 72%), but spinetoram significantly reduced populations of natural enemies and non-target insects while the fungal treatment did not (Ramos et al. 2025, DOI ) — relevant to rotation strategy, not to tank-mix compatibility. Against fungicides , treat as incompatible by default: laboratory testing found two soybean-rust fungicide combinations reduced this fungus's germinability and reduced resulting larval mortality by 30–40%, although in the same study a single field-recommended-rate fungicide application did not measurably reduce the fungus's natural field infection rate over two seasons (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). Until product-specific testing says otherwise, avoid tank-mixing with fungicides and separate applications in time. What factors cause Nomuraea rileyi to perform differently in laboratory and field conditions? Several factors, most identifiable in the literature and most manageable through application practice: Application placement. The clearest documented driver. Conventional broadcast spraying in maize produced only 27–31% larval mortality, while directing the same conidia into the whorl where fall armyworm actually feeds nearly doubled effective mortality when combined with a second agent (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Isolate identity. LC₅₀ values across isolates of this species have spanned more than four orders of magnitude in a single screening study (1.0 × 10⁶ to 3.8 × 10¹⁰ conidia/mL) (Gundreddy et al. 2025, DOI ). Humidity and sunlight. Germination and penetration require high humidity, and UV-B exposure measurably damages conidia within hours (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ; Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ) — conditions that are far more variable and less controllable in an open field than in a laboratory bioassay or greenhouse trial. Larval stage at exposure. Younger instars are markedly more susceptible than older ones (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ), and field timing is harder to hit precisely than a standardized laboratory bioassay stage. Formulation and fastidious production requirements. This species has historically been difficult to mass-produce and formulate for consistent field stability, a documented commercialization constraint distinct from its biological efficacy (Song et al. 2013, DOI ; Grijalba et al. 2018, DOI ). Co-occurring natural mortality factors. In the field, this fungus operates alongside other natural enemies — parasitoid wasps, tachinid flies and other entomopathogenic fungi — that also kill the same caterpillar pests, which can make it difficult to attribute field-observed mortality to this organism alone (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). The practical reading: this organism rewards attention to isolate quality, application placement and timing far more than most conventional insecticides do. A grower who sprays it like a contact chemical, broadcast over the canopy regardless of where the pest actually is, should expect the field end of this evidence range, not the laboratory end. Sustainability Advantage Related Products Beauveria bassiana Hirsutella thompsonii Isaria fumosorosea Lecanicillium lecanii Metarhizium anisopliae More Products Resources Read all