Boost crop health with RootX from Indogulf BioAg. High-quality, organic root growth enhancer. Trusted by farmers globally for vibrant, thriving crops. < Crop Kits RootX Extends the root system, expanding the rhizosphere to help plants draw in nutrients, minerals, and water more efficiently. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Enhances Root Development RootX with Mycorrhizal Fungi enhances root size 3-5 times, boosting nutrient uptake and serving as an organic feed and ideal rooting powder for cuttings, maximizing Rootgrow. Enhances Nutrient Absorption With stronger and larger roots, plants draw more essential nutrients from the soil, promoting overall vigor and health. Improves Stress Tolerance A robust root system enhances plant health, enabling it to withstand adverse weather like extreme cold or drought conditions effectively. Controls Pathogens Trichoderma spp. effectively manage common plant diseases such as root rot, damping off, wilt, and fruit rot, ensuring healthier plants. Benefits Components Rhizophagus Intraradices Trichoderma Harzianum Trichoderma Viride Bacillus Subtilis Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Bacillus Licheniformis Bacillus Brevis Bacillus Circulans Bacillus Coagulans Bacillus Firmus Bacillus Halodenitrificans Bacillus Laterosporus Bacillus Megaterium Bacillus Mycoides Bacillus Pasteuri Bacillus Polymyxa Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Drop 5g (1 tsp) of RootX evenly into the base of the planting hole, so that the powder is in direct contact with the roots. (insoluble) Additional Info Aftercare BudMax Kit compatible with all natural fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides. Once opened, store in a cool, dry place. Keep away from children and pets. Do not inhale or ingest. Related Products Aminomax SP Annomax BioProtek Biocupe Neem Plus Seed Protek Silicomax Dates Pro More Products Resources Read all

Pseudomonas syringae is associated with various plant species and is recognized for its potential beneficial effects on plant growth and health in specific contexts. Certain non-pathogenic strains exhibit plant growth-promoting traits, including the production of bioactive compounds, nutrient solubilization, and competitive exclusion of harmful pathogens. These attributes can enhance plant resilience and productivity, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. In addition, P. syringae plays a role in the natural cycling of nutrients and microbial dynamics in plant-associated ecosystems, contributing to overall soil and plant health. These properties make it a focus of research for eco-friendly crop management strategies and environmental restoration. < Microbial Species Pseudomonas syringae Pseudomonas syringae is associated with various plant species and is recognized for its potential beneficial effects on plant growth and health in specific contexts. Certain… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Soil Health Promotion Enhances nutrient availability and soil quality, supporting plant growth and ecosystem health. Plant Pathogen Control Acts as a biocontrol agent against various plant pathogens, promoting healthier crops. Bioremediation Potential Capable of degrading organic pollutants, contributing to the remediation of contaminated environments. Ice Nucleation Enhances ice formation, which can be beneficial in certain agricultural applications and influencing weather patterns. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

Manufacturer & exporter of Udbatta Disease protection kit for rice. Ensure healthy crops with our advanced bio-solutions. Trusted by farmers globally. < Crop Kits Disease Management | Udbatta Disease Udbatta Disease, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, transforms rice grains into greenish-brown balls with powdery spores. Management involves resistant varieties, fungicide application during panicle emergence, good drainage, and balanced nutrition. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Management Biological Control FAQ Additional Info FAQ Content coming soon! Management Avoid heavy nitrogen doses. Use disease-free seed. Treat the seed with Carbendazim a 1 g per kg of seed before planting. Biological Control Use our Consortium of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens at 1.5 kg per acre, diluted in 200 L of water using a high-volume power sprayer. Chemical Control Treat the seed with Carbendazim at 1 g per kg of seed before planting. Additional Info Shelf Life & Packaging: Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Packaging: 1 litre bottle Disease Management Bacterial Blight Blast Brown Spot Sheath Blight Udbatta Disease Insect Pest Management Army Worms Case Worm Gundhi Bug Leaf Folders Plant Hopper Rice Hispa Root Knot Nematodes Stem Borers Resources Read all

Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans is a potent sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that enhances soil sulfur availability, drives bioleaching of metals, and contributes to wastewater and sludge treatment, supporting sustainable agriculture and bioremediation. < Microbial Species Thiobacillus thiooxidans Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans is a potent sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that enhances soil sulfur availability, drives bioleaching of metals, and contributes to wastewater and sludge treatment, supporting sustainable… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Sulfur Solubilization for Nutrient Access: Effectively solubilizes sulfur compounds in soil, enhancing sulfur availability for crops and improving their growth potential. Improved Soil Fertility: Contributes to soil fertility by promoting the cycling of nutrients, leading to healthier crops and increased agricultural productivity. Support for Sustainable Agriculture: Encourages sustainable farming practices by reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and promoting natural soil enrichment through microbial action. Bioremediation of Polluted Sites: Plays a key role in bioremediation by degrading toxic substances in contaminated soils, thus aiding environmental restoration efforts. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Co-application with polysulfide pellets improved soil sulfate by 28% over controls. link.springer Phosphate rock solubilization protocol yielded 45 mg P/L after recovery phase. link.springer Chromium bioleaching from tannery sludge achieved 97.1% removal with co-culture of A. thiooxidans and A. ferrooxidans. linkinghub.elsevier Genomic analysis reveals multiple HDR-like and Sox operons enabling robust sulfur metabolism under extreme conditions. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Mode of Action Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans employs a multi-enzyme network to oxidize reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) into sulfate: Elemental Sulfur Oxidation: Sulfur dioxygenase (SDO) and sulfur oxygenase reductase (SOR) convert S⁰ to sulfite and thiosulfate. Thiosulfate Pathways: Sox system oxidizes thiosulfate directly to sulfate. Thiosulfate: quinone oxidoreductase (TQO) generates tetrathionate, subsequently hydrolyzed by tetrathionate hydrolase (TetH). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Sulfide Oxidation: Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) catalyzes sulfide to elemental sulfur or polysulfide, feeding into other oxidation routes. Sulfite to Sulfate: Periplasmic sulfite oxidase (SOX) finalizes the conversion to sulfate, releasing protons that acidify the environment and mobilize metals. Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seedling Treatment : Prepare a mixture of 100 grams Thiobacillus Thiooxidans in sufficient water. Dip the roots of the seedlings into the mixture for 30 minutes before planting. Soil Treatment : Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Thiobacillus Thiooxidans with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Irrigation : Mix 3 kg per acre of Thiobacillus Thiooxidans in a sufficient amount of water and run into the drip lines. FAQ What is Thiobacillus thiooxidans used for? It oxidizes elemental sulfur into plant-available sulfate, serves in biofertilizers for S-deficient soils, and drives bioleaching of metals from ores and wastes. link .springer+1 Where is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans found? A. ferrooxidans thrives in acid mine drainage, sulfide-rich soils, and industrial effluents, often co-existing with A. thiooxidans in biomining environments. linkinghub.elsevier What does Thiobacillus ferrooxidans do? It oxidizes Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ via rusticyanin and cytochromes, acidifies its environment, and solubilizes iron and other metals for agricultural and industrial applications. universalmicrobes Is Thiobacillus ferrooxidans harmful or beneficial? Beneficial for bioleaching and soil micronutrient mobilization, but its acid production can accelerate concrete corrosion and acidify effluents if unmanaged. e3s-conferences How does Thiobacillus thiooxidans help in bioleaching? By producing sulfuric acid through sulfur oxidation, it lowers pH, solubilizes metal sulfides, and enhances metal recovery from ores and industrial wastes. linkinghub.elsevier Can Thiobacillus species improve soil fertility? Yes—by oxidizing sulfur compounds to sulfate, they sustain plant sulfur nutrition, stimulate microbial diversity, and improve soil structure and nutrient cycling. link .springer Are Thiobacillus bacteria used in wastewater treatment? They are employed for desulfurization and heavy metal removal in tannery, municipal, and industrial wastewaters via sulfur oxidation and acidification processes. hindawi+1 Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Acidithiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus novellus Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

Nomuraea Rileyi is a beneficial fungus used as a biological pest control agent targeting lepidopteran insects. It results in an outbreak in the insect host population. < Microbial Species Nomuraea rileyi Nomuraea Rileyi is a beneficial fungus used as a biological pest control agent targeting lepidopteran insects. It results in an outbreak in the insect host… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits High specificity Targets moths, cutworms, and armyworms. Environmentally friendly Safe for the environment and non-target species. Long-term efficacy Provides sustainable pest control without inducing resistance. Effective mode of action Infects pests through contact, leading to population reduction. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Target pests: Moths, cutworms or armyworms. Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application : 1 Acre dose: 2 kg 1 Ha dose: 5 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) : 1 Acre dose: 2-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 5-12.5 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials : 1 Acre dose: 2-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 5-12.5 kg Apply 2 times a year: before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Foliar Application for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials : 1 Acre dose: 2 kg 1 Ha dose: 5 kg Apply 2 times a year: before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Foliar Application : 1 Acre dose: 200 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) : 1 Acre dose: 200-500 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g - 1.25 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials : 1 Acre dose: 200-500 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g - 1.25 kg Apply 2 times a year: before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Application Methods Soil Application Method : Mix at recommended doses with compost and apply at early life stages of crop along with other biofertilizers. Mix Nomuraea Rileyi at recommended doses in sufficient water and drench soil at early leaf stage/2-4 leaf stage/early crop life cycle. Drip Irrigation: If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add to drip tank. Long duration crops / Perennial / Orchard crops: Dissolve Nomuraea Rileyi at recommended doses in sufficient water and apply as a drenching spray near the root zone during the off-season, twice a year. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon/rainfall/spring season and the second application after the main monsoon/rainfall/autumn/fall season. Termatarium application: Destroy the termatarium and drench the termatarium area with a liberal quantity of water with recommended doses. Foliar Application Method : Mix Nomuraea Rileyi at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on foliage. Apply twice a year for long duration crops. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon/rainfall/spring season and the second application after the main monsoon/rainfall/autumn/fall season. Note : Do not store Nomuraea Rileyi solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Beauveria bassiana Hirsutella thompsonii Isaria fumosorosea Lecanicillium lecanii Metarhizium anisopliae More Products Resources Read all

< Crop Kits Annomax Annomax is a botanical extract from Annona squamosa seeds, containing 1% Squamocin (Annonin) as an emulsifiable concentrate. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Controls Economically Important Pests Effectively targets Fall Armyworm, Helicoverpa spp., Spodoptera spp., and other Lepidopteran larvae for reliable pest control. Compatible with Chemical Pesticides Can be used alongside conventional pesticides, optimizing efficacy within integrated pest management programs. Safe and Sustainable Non-phytotoxic, biodegradable, and approved for organic agriculture; safe for pollinators, predators, and the environment. Residue-Free and User-Friendly No pre-harvest interval, re-entry barriers, or residue concerns—making it safe and flexible for field use. Benefits Content coming soon! Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Foliar application Typical acre dose: 400ml Typical hectare dose: 1000ml Mix Annomax @ 2ml/L and Silicomax @ 0.3ml/L Silicomax is a silicon spray adjuvant that improves bioefficacy Annomax can be used as follows: Mix Annomax and Silicomax at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on foliage. Mix Silicomax 0.3 ml/L spray fluid, which improves bioefficacy. Silicomax is a silicon spray adjuvant that helps in super spreading and penetration of Annomax. The spray volume depends upon the crop canopy. Spray at the early stage of insect emergence and give 1–2 follow-up sprays at 4–5 days intervals. Drift from Annomax spray fluid will cause eye irritation. Therefore, it is mandatory for the operator to wear eye protection glass with side shields and a nose mask while mixing and spraying the product. Note: Do not store Annomax solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. Additional Info Mode of Action Squamocin (Annonin) present in ANNOMAX is surmised to have an inhibitory effect on the NADH-cytochrome c-reductase and complex I of insect mitochondria. Annonaceous acetogenins present in ANNOMAX and/or insect antifeedant properties. Storage Requirements Store below 40°C in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. Keep away from sunlight, children, and animals. Do not store in metallic containers. Keep tightly closed when not in use. Handling Precautions Use standard hygiene and safety practices for agricultural products. Related Products Aminomax SP BioProtek Biocupe Neem Plus Seed Protek Silicomax Dates Pro BloomX More Products Resources Read all

Pochonia Chlamydosporia is a beneficial fungus effective against parasitic nematodes. It colonizes nematode eggs, preventing their development, offering sustainable pest control solutions. < Microbial Species Pochonia chlamydosporia Pochonia Chlamydosporia is a beneficial fungus effective against parasitic nematodes. It colonizes nematode eggs, preventing their development, offering sustainable pest control solutions. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Sustainable Nematode Management Offers an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical nematicides, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. Targets and Parasitizes Nematode Eggs Prevents nematode development by parasitizing their eggs, effectively reducing nematode populations in the soil. Effective in Various Conditions Provides consistent nematode control across diverse soil types and climates. Enhances Soil Health Degrades nematode populations without leaving chemical residues, promoting healthier soil ecosystems. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Recent Research Publications Uthoff, L.K., et al. (2023). "Biological enhancement of the cover crop Phacelia tanacetifolia with the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla." Biological Control , demonstrating up to 95.6% reduction in nematode eggs. link .springer Hu, S., & Bidochka, M.J. (2025). "The endophytic fungi Metarhizium, Pochonia, and Trichoderma, improve salt tolerance in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)." PLoS ONE , showing enhanced plant stress resistance. journals.plos Shaliha, B., et al. (2024). "Bionomics and the role of antinemic metabolites of the nematophagous fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia in suppressing phytonematodes - A Comprehensive Review." Tamil Nadu Agricultural University . d197for5662m48.cloudfront Silva, A.R., et al. (2022). "Bacillus nematocida B16 Enhanced the Rhizosphere Colonization of Pochonia chlamydosporia ZK7." Microorganisms , revealing improved biocontrol efficiency through combined applications. mdpi Martínez-Medina, A., et al. (2019). "Pochonia chlamydosporia Induces Plant-Dependent Systemic Resistance against Meloidogyne incognita in tomato." Frontiers in Plant Science , demonstrating induced plant resistance mechanisms. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih López-Llorca, L.V., et al. (2002). "Pochonia chlamydosporia: Advances and Challenges to Improve Its Performance as Biocontrol Agent of Root-Knot Nematodes." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Esteves, I., et al. (2009). "Production of extracellular enzymes by different isolates of Pochonia chlamydosporia." Nematology , analyzing enzyme production patterns and parasitic mechanisms. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih Mode of Action Multi-Phase Biocontrol Mechanism Phase 1: Soil Colonization and Establishment Pochonia chlamydosporia establishes itself as a soil saprophyte and rhizosphere colonizer. The fungus demonstrates optimal growth at 25°C and maintains viability in soil for extended periods through chlamydospore formation. Rhizosphere colonization is enhanced by volatile organic compounds and root exudates, with colonization rates exceeding 90% in treated soils. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 Phase 2: Nematode Detection and Attachment The fungus employs chemotaxis mechanisms to locate nematode eggs and females in the soil matrix. Fungal hyphae attach to egg surfaces within 24 hours of contact, guided by chemical signals from the nematode host. This process is facilitated by hydrophobic interactions and specialized attachment structures. d197for5662m48.cloudfront+1 Phase 3: Egg Penetration and Infection Appressorium formation occurs on the second day after initial contact, creating specialized infection structures. The fungus secretes a complex array of extracellular enzymes including: d197for5662m48.cloudfront Serine proteases (VCP1 and SCP1): Degrade eggshell proteins, with VCP1 showing host-specific activity nature+1 Chitinases (PCCHI44): Break down chitin components of the eggshell nature+2 Chitin deacetylases (CDA1 and CDA2): Convert chitin to chitosan, facilitating penetration nature Lipases and esterases: Degrade lipid barriers in the eggshell pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih Phase 4: Internal Colonization Complete colonization of eggs occurs by the fourth day, with fungal hyphae extensively colonizing internal egg contents. The process arrests nematode development at the gastrula stage, preventing juvenile formation. Chitosan formation is observed at penetration sites, indicating active chitin modification. nature+1 Phase 5: Endophytic Colonization and Plant Benefits Pochonia chlamydosporia functions as a facultative root endophyte, colonizing plant roots without causing damage. Endophytic colonization provides multiple benefits: journals.plos+1 Induced systemic resistance: Activates salicylic acid (PR-1 gene) and jasmonate (LOX D gene) pathways pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Plant growth promotion: Increases plant height and stem diameter by 6-13% through phosphate solubilization and IAA production ecorfan Stress tolerance: Enhances plant resistance to salinity and drought stress journals.plos Phase 6: Population Regulation The fungus exhibits density-dependent regulation , switching between saprophytic and parasitic lifestyles based on nematode population density. Optimal application density is 5 × 10³ propagules per cc soil, with fungal propagule lifespan lasting approximately 25 days. frontiersin Additional Info Target pests: Southern root-nematode, root-knot nematode, false root knot nematodes, burrowing nematodes, cyst nematodes, and root lesion nematodes Recommended Crops: Vegetables, fruits, spices, flowers, medicinal crops, orchards, and ornamentals Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 2 x 10⁶ CFU per gram Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Seasonal crops: First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting Second application: Three weeks after first application Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 10 g Pochonia Chlamydosporia + 10 g crude sugar Soluble Powder: 2 x 10⁶ CFU per gram Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Seasonal crops: First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting Second application: Three weeks after first application Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 – 12.5 Kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 10g Pochonia Chlamydosporia + 10 g crude sugar Seed Dressing Method Mix Pochonia Chlamydosporia with crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry. Coat seeds and dry in shade before sowing/broadcasting/dibbling in the field. Do not store treated/coated seeds for more than 24 hours. Soil Application Method Mix Pochonia Chlamydosporia at recommended doses with compost and apply during early crop stages along with other biofertilizers. Apply twice for seasonal crops like vegetables: First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting Second application: Three weeks after first application. Drip Irrigation: If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add to the drip tank. Long duration crops / Perennial / Orchard crops: Dissolve Pochonia Chlamydosporia at recommended doses in sufficient water. Apply as a drenching spray near the root zone four times a year. First application should be before the onset of the main monsoon/rainfall/spring season, and the second application after the main monsoon/rainfall/autumn/fall season. Pochonia Chlamydosporia may be used along with Paecilomyces lilacinus as a very effective nematode control application. FAQ What is Pochonia chlamydosporia? Pochonia chlamydosporia is a beneficial nematophagous fungus belonging to the family Clavicipitaceae. Originally discovered in 1974 as a parasite of nematode eggs, it has become one of the most extensively studied biological control agents for plant-parasitic nematodes. The fungus exhibits multiple lifestyles as a soil saprophyte, root endophyte, and egg parasite, making it highly effective for sustainable nematode management. link.springer+2 What is the habitat of Pochonia chlamydosporia? Pochonia chlamydosporia has a worldwide distribution and thrives in diverse soil environments. The fungus naturally occurs in: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Primary Habitats Agricultural soils: Particularly in nematode-suppressive soils where it parasitizes eggs naturally pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Rhizosphere environment: Colonizes the root zone of numerous plant species including Gramineae and Solanaceae pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Root endosphere: Lives inside plant roots as a beneficial endophyte without causing disease journals.plos+1 Environmental Preferences Temperature range: Optimal growth at 25°C, reduced effectiveness above 30°C pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Soil types: Adapts to various soil textures and pH levels, with enhanced colonization in organic-rich soils mdpi Moisture conditions: Requires adequate soil moisture for spore germination and hyphal growth pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Ecological Relationships Plant associations: Forms beneficial relationships with monocot and dicot hosts pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Soil microbiome: Coexists with beneficial bacteria like Bacillus species, often showing synergistic effects mdpi Nematode ecosystems: Specifically targets sedentary endoparasitic nematodes while preserving beneficial soil organisms pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih How long does Pochonia chlamydosporia remain active in soil? The fungus maintains biological activity for 25 days as active propagules in soil. However, it can survive much longer through chlamydospore formation, remaining viable for months to years in adverse conditions. Reapplication timing is recommended every 3 weeks during active growing seasons for optimal nematode control. frontiersin+1 Is Pochonia chlamydosporia safe for beneficial organisms? Yes, Pochonia chlamydosporia is highly selective and safe for non-target organisms. It specifically targets plant-parasitic nematodes while preserving: indogulfbioag Beneficial soil microbes and earthworms indogulfbioag Pollinators and beneficial insects indogulfbioag Mycorrhizal fungi and other plant symbionts indogulfbioag Free-living nematodes that contribute to soil health pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Can Pochonia chlamydosporia be combined with other biocontrol agents? Absolutely. Research shows excellent compatibility with other biological agents. Particularly effective combinations include: cambridge+1 Bacillus species: Enhanced rhizosphere colonization and improved biocontrol efficiency mdpi Arthrobotrys cladodes: Complementary action with predatory nematophagous fungi cambridge+1 Paecilomyces lilacinus: Synergistic effects for comprehensive nematode control indogulfbioag What crops benefit most from Pochonia chlamydosporia applications? The fungus is highly versatile and effective on numerous crops: indogulfbioag High-Value Crops Vegetables: Tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and leafy greens Fruits: Bananas, grapes, citrus, and berry crops Ornamentals: Flowers, ornamental plants, and nursery crops Field Crops Cereals: Wheat, barley, and other grain crops Root crops: Potatoes, carrots, and sugar beets (with specific timing considerations) Industrial crops: Hemp, cotton, and other fiber crops journals.plos How does application timing affect Pochonia chlamydosporia effectiveness? Optimal timing is critical for maximum biocontrol efficacy: Seasonal Applications Spring application: Before planting or at sowing for establishing fungal populations Growing season: Three weeks after initial application for sustained control Perennial crops : Before monsoon onset and after monsoon for year-round protection indogulfbioag Crop-Specific Timing Short-season crops: Two applications sufficient for season-long control Long-duration crops: Multiple applications required for continuous protection Root vegetables: Early application preferred to avoid root deformation issues Related Products Paecilomyces lilacinus Serratia marcescens Verticillium chlamydosporium More Products Resources Read all

Pseudomonas putida is a beneficial bacterium known for producing growth-promoting substances like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), enhancing plant development and root architecture. It degrades organic pollutants, improving soil health and structure while making nutrients more bioavailable. Additionally, P. putida boosts plant stress tolerance by mitigating the effects of drought, salinity, and heavy metals, making it invaluable for sustainable agriculture and environmental remediation. < Microbial Species Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonas putida is a beneficial bacterium known for producing growth-promoting substances like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), enhancing plant development and root architecture. It degrades organic pollutants,… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Pseudomonas putida for Industrial Applications Weimer et al. (2020) A comprehensive review detailing the advances in genetic engineering, systems biology, and biotechnological exploitation of P. putida as an industrial microbial cell factory. It covers the production of bio-based chemicals, adaptation to toxic environments, and integration with synthetic biology platforms. Read here D’Arrigo et al. (2015) This study used differential RNA-sequencing (dRNA-seq) to map transcriptional start sites in P. putida KT2440 , revealing promoter architecture and untranslated regions that are critical for optimizing gene expression in industrial strain design. Read here Nelson et al. (2002) The complete genome sequence of P. putida KT2440 is presented, identifying the organism’s extensive metabolic capabilities, solvent resistance, and non-pathogenic status. The genome is a cornerstone for metabolic engineering in industrial settings. Read here Udaondo et al. (2016) Provides a pangenomic comparison of nine P. putida strains. This study highlights conserved pathways for carbon metabolism and aromatic compound degradation, confirming their robustness in diverse industrial bioprocesses . Read here Song & Zhang (2012) Identifies and localizes mobile genomic islands in several P. putida strains, including genes for salt resistance, stress tolerance, and efflux systems. These traits enhance survival and productivity in chemically harsh industrial environments. Read here Kivisaar (2020) Reviews P. putida ’s historical development and adaptation as a model for biotechnological research, with a focus on regulatory mechanisms, stress responses, and genomic plasticity relevant to industrial-scale applications. Read here Mode of Action 1. Biocontrol via Nutrient Competition and Siderophores P. putida can protect plants against pathogens without relying on toxic or antibiotic substances. Instead, it uses a strategy based on nutrient competition , especially for iron . Siderophores like pyoverdine are secreted to tightly bind iron from the environment, making it unavailable to competing microorganisms (including plant pathogens), thereby suppressing their growth. Notably, P. putida B2017 does not produce common antibiotics like pyocyanin or pyrrolnitrin, but still exhibits biocontrol activity due to pyoverdine production (Daura-Pich et al., 2020). 2. Plant Growth Promotion and Rhizosphere Colonization P. putida is a well-known Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) that helps plants grow better by: Mobilizing nutrients (e.g., phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen metabolism). Inducing systemic resistance in plants against bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens (Park et al., 2011) . Efficiently colonizing the rhizosphere (plant root environment) due to genes promoting motility, chemotaxis, and biofilm formation (Molina et al., 2020) . These abilities allow P. putida to coexist with plants, creating a beneficial plant-microbe relationship. 3. Environmental Bioremediation and Stress Tolerance Thanks to its metabolic versatility , P. putida can degrade a wide variety of toxic pollutants , including hydrocarbons, solvents, and xenobiotics. This makes it a powerful tool in bioremediation (cleaning up contaminated environments). It possesses catabolic genes for the breakdown of aromatic compounds, heavy metals, and other industrial pollutants (Udaondo et al., 2016) . The strain KT2440 is widely used as a model for industrial biotechnology due to its non-pathogenic nature and ability to survive under stress conditions such as high salinity and oxidative stress (Nelson et al., 2002) . 4. Production of Antimicrobial Compounds (Strain-Specific) While not all P. putida strains produce antimicrobial compounds, certain isolates do exhibit this trait: Strains like W15Oct28 and BW11M1 produce putisolvins (cyclic lipopeptides), bacteriocins , tailocins , and other hydrophobic antimicrobial compounds that are active against Staphylococcus aureus , P. aeruginosa , and P. syringae (Ye et al., 2014) ; (Ghequire et al., 2016) . These antimicrobial compounds often work under specific environmental conditions such as low iron availability, adding a layer of ecological control to their use. 5. Capsule Formation and Biofilm Development P. putida can form a polysaccharide capsule that helps in: Surface adhesion (critical for root colonization and biofilm development). Protection against environmental stresses , such as desiccation and immune responses in the case of exposure to a host (Kachlany & Ghiorse, 2009) . Biofilm formation is also important for both plant interactions and survival in industrial settings . Additional Info Pseudomonas putida acts mainly through non-toxic mechanisms like siderophore production, rhizosphere colonization, metabolic versatility for bioremediation, and, in some strains, production of antimicrobial compounds, making it a valuable tool in agriculture and environmental biotechnology. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment: 1 kg of seeds will be coated with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Pseudomonas putida and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. The coated seeds will then be dried in shade and sow or broadcast in the field Seedling Treatment: Dip the seedlings into the mixture of 100 grams of Pseudomonas putida and sufficient amount of water. Soil Treatment: Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Pseudomonas putida with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Incorporate the mixture and spread into the field at the time of planting/sowing. Irrigation: Mix 3 kg per acre of Pseudomonas putida in a sufficient amount of water and run into the drip lines. FAQ What are the primary mechanisms by which Pseudomonas putida exhibits biocontrol activity? P. putida exhibits biocontrol through several integrated mechanisms: Siderophore-mediated iron sequestration: Pyoverdine is the primary siderophore produced, depriving competing phytopathogens of essential iron, thus limiting their proliferation (Daura-Pich et al., 2020). Biofilm formation and rhizosphere competence: Biofilm-related genes facilitate stable colonization of the plant rhizosphere, enhancing competition and persistence in soil ecosystems (Udaondo et al., 2016) . Induced systemic resistance (ISR): Certain strains (e.g., B001) can prime host plant immunity, leading to enhanced resistance to fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens (Park et al., 2011) . What secondary metabolites does P. putida produce, and what are their functions? While P. putida lacks traditional antibiotic biosynthesis clusters seen in P. aeruginosa, several strains synthesize specialized metabolites with ecological and antimicrobial roles: Putisolvins: Lipopeptides with surfactant and antimicrobial properties, also involved in biofilm dispersal (Ye et al., 2014) . Tailocins and bacteriocins: Bacteriophage-derived protein complexes with lethal activity against closely related bacterial strains (Ghequire et al., 2016) . TonB-dependent receptors: Facilitate siderophore piracy, allowing utilization of exogenous siderophores from other microbes (Ye et al., 2014) . What genomic features underlie the adaptability of P. putida? Large and flexible genome (~6.1–6.5 Mb): Rich in genes for xenobiotic degradation, nutrient uptake, and stress tolerance (Nelson et al., 2002) . Mobile genetic elements: Genomic islands encode catabolic operons, efflux pumps, and stress tolerance mechanisms such as ectoine biosynthesis (Song & Zhang, 2012) . Metabolic versatility: Core genome includes complete pathways for the Entner–Doudoroff, pentose phosphate, and aromatic compound degradation cycles (Udaondo et al., 2016) . What makes P. putida suitable for industrial biotechnology? Tolerant to solvents and oxidative stress: Enables its use in biocatalysis and metabolic engineering under harsh conditions (Weimer et al., 2020) . Compatibility with genetic tools: KT2440, a model strain, has been adapted for synthetic biology using CRISPR-Cas systems and modular plasmids for pathway design (Weimer et al., 2020) . Production of value-added products: Used to biosynthesize bioplastics, phenylalanine derivatives, and other platform chemicals from renewable feedstocks (Kivisaar, 2020) . Does P. putida form biofilms or extracellular structures? Yes. Several strains can form: Capsules composed of complex polysaccharides, contributing to adhesion, desiccation resistance, and evasion of protozoan grazing (Kachlany & Ghiorse, 2009) . Biofilms: Promoted by flagellar genes, quorum sensing elements, and cyclic-di-GMP signaling pathways essential for colonization and surface persistence (Udaondo et al., 2016) . Related Products Aspergillus awamori Bacillus firmus Bacillus megaterium Bacillus polymyxa Pseudomonas striata More Products Resources Read all

Bradyrhizobium elkanii a bacterium that forms symbiotic relationships with legume roots, significantly improving nitrogen availability in the soil, which is essential for leguminous crop production. < Microbial Species Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium elkanii a bacterium that forms symbiotic relationships with legume roots, significantly improving nitrogen availability in the soil, which is essential for leguminous crop production. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Nitrogen Fixation Bradyrhizobium elkanii forms symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, fixing atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which enhances soil fertility and plant growth. Enhanced Nutrient Availability It enhances the availability of essential nutrients such as phosphorus and iron to the host plant, contributing to improved plant health and yield. Stress Tolerance Bradyrhizobium elkanii produces stress-protective compounds like exopolysaccharides, aiding plants in coping with environmental stresses such as drought and salinity. Biocontrol Agent It competes with pathogenic microorganisms in the rhizosphere, helping to suppress plant diseases and promote healthier plant growth. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Scientific References and Molecular Mechanisms of Symbiosis (2025 Update) Overview of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Symbiotic Signaling The establishment of B. elkanii-legume symbiosis is a sophisticated molecular dialogue involving plant-derived signals (flavonoids), bacterial Nod factors (NFs), Type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors, and host-encoded resistance proteins. This intricate regulatory network determines host specificity, nodule organogenesis, and nitrogen fixation efficiency. 1. Molecular Signaling Initiation Flavonoid-Mediated Activation Host-to-Bacterium Signal:Legume roots experiencing nitrogen starvation exude flavonoid compounds (e.g., genistein, daidzein, luteolin) into the rhizosphere. These flavonoids penetrate the B. elkanii cell membrane and bind to the NodD regulatory protein, a member of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. Key Research Findings: Flavonoid concentrations as low as 10⁻⁸ M activate nod gene expression in B. elkanii Different legume species exude distinct flavonoid profiles, contributing to host specificity Transcription of the nodYABCSUIJnolMNOnodZ operon is directly dependent upon NodD-flavonoid complexes TtsI (transcriptional activator of T3SS) is also responsive to flavonoids and coordinates both Nod factor and T3SS expression Regulatory Architecture The B. elkanii regulatory circuit involves: NodD: LysR-type regulator controlling nod gene expression NodW: Regulatory protein modulating flavonoid recognition TtsI: Transcriptional regulator of T3SS genes, activated by plant flavonoids Coordination of these regulators ensures spatiotemporal expression of symbiotic genes 2. Nod Factor Biosynthesis and Host Recognition Structure and Function Nod Factors (NFs):Nod factors are lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) comprising a backbone of 3–5 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units with a long-chain fatty acyl group (C16–C18) attached to the non-reducing terminus. Nod Gene Clusters in B. elkanii: nodA: Encodes N-acetyl transferase; transfers the acyl chain to the GlcNAc backbone nodB: N-acetyl lyase; removes N-acetyl group from the non-reducing terminus nodC: Chitin synthase; synthesizes the GlcNAc backbone nodS, nodU, nodI, nodJ: Involved in modification and transport of Nod factors nodZ: Encodes a glucosidase involved in Nod factor modification for B. elkanii-specific legume recognition Nod Factor Modification B. elkanii produces modified Nod factors unique to this species: Acetyl substitution patterns differ between strains Host-specific decorations on the oligosaccharide backbone determine compatibility with legume receptors (NFRs: Nod Factor Receptors) Molecular recognition is highly specific; B. elkanii NF structure triggers nodulation in soybean (Glycine max), but not in hosts compatible with other rhizobia Structural Variations and Host Specificity B. elkanii genomes harbor extensive nodulation gene repertoires: Multiple nod gene variants on symbiotic islands allow synthesis of a spectrum of Nod factor structures Comparative genomic analysis reveals gene duplications and deletions affecting Nod factor decoration These variations contribute to the competitive nodulation phenotype of B. elkanii and its ability to nodulate multiple legume hosts at variable efficiency 3. Type III Secretion System (T3SS) and Effector Proteins T3SS Architecture The T3SS is a molecular syringe-like apparatus embedded in the bacterial cell envelope that delivers effector proteins (Nops: nodulation outer proteins) directly into host plant cells. T3SS Components in B. elkanii: RhcJ: Outer membrane channel protein RhcV: Inner membrane channel protein RhcQ: ATPase providing energy for protein secretion RhcC, RhcD, RhcE, RhcF: Basal body proteins FlhA, FliK, FliP: Apparatus assembly proteins Transcriptional Control: T3SS gene expression is controlled by TtsI (transcriptional activator) TtsI is activated by plant flavonoids, creating a coordinated response with Nod factor synthesis The T3SS is activated only in the presence of compatible plant roots, preventing wasteful energy expenditure in the soil T3SS Effector Proteins and Functions NopL: Key Determinant for Nodule Organogenesis Function: NopL is among the most critical T3SS effectors, particularly for B. elkanii USDA61 symbiosis with certain legume species (e.g., Vigna mungo). NopL-deleted mutants form infection threads on Vigna mungo roots but fail to establish nodules, indicating its essential role in nodule primordia formation NopL is exclusively conserved among Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium genera, suggesting ancient evolutionary origin Phylogenetic analysis indicates NopL diverged from the canonical T3SS lineage, suggesting specialized symbiotic function Mechanism: NopL enters host cell nuclei and likely interacts with plant transcription factors Suppresses host immune responses that would otherwise block infection Triggers expression of early nodulation genes required for meristem initiation Bel2-5: NF-Independent Nodulation Effector Dual Functions: In some legumes (e.g., soybean nfr1 mutants), Bel2-5 can trigger nodulation independently of Nod factors In soybean carrying the Rj4 allele (dominant resistance gene), Bel2-5 acts as a virulence factor, triggering immune responses that prevent infection Structural Features: Contains ubiquitin-like protease (ULP) domain Two EAR (ethylene-responsive element-binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression) motifs for transcriptional regulation Nuclear localization signal (NLS) enabling entry into plant cell nuclei Internal repeat sequences with unknown function Shares structural similarity with XopD from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Domain-Function Correlation: The C-terminal ULP domain and upstream regions are critical for Bel2-5-dependent nodulation phenotypes Mutations in EAR motifs abolish nodulation ability Deletion of NLS impairs nuclear targeting and symbiotic function InnB: Strain-Specific Symbiotic Modulator Host-Specific Effects: InnB promotes nodulation on Vigna mungo cultivars InnB restricts nodulation on Vigna radiata cv. KPS1 This differential phenotype reflects distinct recognition mechanisms in different legume species Expression and Localization: innB expression is flavonoid-dependent and TtsI-regulated InnB protein is secreted via T3SS and translocated into host cells Adenylate cyclase assays confirm T3SS-dependent translocation into nodule cells NopM: Ubiquitin Ligase Triggering Senescence Function: NopM triggers early senescence-like responses in incompatible hosts (e.g., Lotus species). Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase domain and leucine-rich-repeat domain Acts similarly to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in pathogenic bacteria Mediates ubiquitination of host target proteins, leading to degradation and immune responses Results in browning of nodules and disrupted symbiosis Phylogenetic Conservation: NopM homologs are found in both pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria, highlighting the evolutionary relatedness of virulence and symbiotic mechanisms NopF: Infection Thread Inhibitor Role in Host Specificity: NopF triggers inhibition of infection thread formation in Lotus japonicus Gifu Represents a post-recognition checkpoint for host-pathogen compatibility Allows alternative legume accessions (L. burttii, L. japonicum MG-20) to proceed with symbiosis, despite presence of NopF NopP2: Fine-Tuning Symbiotic Efficiency Function: NopP2 fine-tunes symbiotic effectiveness with Vigna radiata. Located within the symbiotic island near the nif cluster Differential effects depending on host genotype and strain background Contributes to variable nodulation phenotypes among B. elkanii strains 4. Host Specificity and Rj Gene-Mediated Resistance The Rj Gene System in Soybean Soybean (Glycine max) possesses a dominant host resistance system controlled by Rj (Rejection) genes that restrict nodulation by specific Bradyrhizobium strains. Rj4 Gene: Encodes a thaumatin-like protein (TLP), a member of the pathogenesis-related (PR-5) protein family Structurally similar to plant anti-fungal proteins Restricts nodulation by many B. elkanii strains, particularly Type B strains (e.g., USDA61) Soybean cultivars carrying Rj4 are incompatible with B. elkanii but compatible with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 Rj2 Gene: Encodes a TIR-NBS-LRR protein (Toll-interleukin receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat) Represents a receptor-like immune protein structurally similar to plant R proteins for pathogen resistance Critical amino acid I490 (isoleucine) in Rj2 determines incompatibility with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA122 Restricts specific rhizobial strains but allows infection by compatible strains Rj3 Gene: Restricts B. elkanii Type B strains (e.g., BLY3-8, BLY6-1, USDA33) despite allowing nodulation by B. japonicum USDA110 T3SS and its effectors are critical for Rj3-mediated incompatibility Mutations in T3SS components (TtsI, RhcJ) overcome Rj3 restriction, confirming T3SS involvement Gene-for-Gene Model of Symbiotic Specificity The B. elkanii-soybean system exemplifies a gene-for-gene interaction: Bacterial avirulence gene (avr): T3SS effector genes (e.g., nopL, bel2-5, nopM) function as avirulence determinants Plant resistance gene (R): Soybean Rj genes encode receptors recognizing effector-triggered immune responses Incompatibility occurs when bacterial effector matches soybean R gene recognition specificity Compatibility requires bacterial effectors that evade or suppress Rj-mediated immunity 5. Infection and Nodule Development Infection Thread Formation Stages: Pre-infection: Nod factors bind to NFR1/NFR5 receptors on legume root epidermis, activating early symbiotic signaling Infection initiation: B. elkanii invades through root hair curling (Nod factor-dependent) or via crack entry (T3SS-dependent in certain genotypes) Intercellular infection: Bacteria travel through infection threads (wall-bound tubular structures) into the cortex Release and bacteroid formation: Bacteria are released into cortical cells and enclosed within plant-derived peribacteroid membranes Role of T3SS in Infection Nod factor-independent nodulation: B. elkanii T3SS effectors (particularly Bel2-5) can trigger nodulation of soybean nfr1 mutants lacking functional Nod factor receptors Infection thread progression: T3SS suppresses plant defense responses (ROS production, ethylene synthesis) that normally block infection thread elongation Bacterial release: T3SS effectors facilitate bacterial transition from infection threads into cortical cells for bacteroid development Nodule Organogenesis and Development Transcriptional Reprogramming: B. elkanii T3SS effectors and Nod factors activate soybean early nodulation genes: ENOD40, ENOD93, NIN (Nodule Inception), NSP1, NSP2 These plant genes activate meristem-like programs in cortical cells, initiating nodule primordia Coordinated T3E activity (NopL, Bel2-5, NopP2) is essential for primordia formation Nodule Maturation: Infected cells undergo endoreduplication (multiple rounds of DNA replication without cell division) Cortical cells expand to accommodate dividing bacterial cells Peribacteroid membranes establish nutrient exchange compartments Gibberellin Role: B. elkanii synthesizes gibberellin precursor (GA₉) via cytochrome P450 monooxygenase Host soybean expresses GA 3-oxidases (GA3ox) within nodules, converting GA₉ to bioactive GA₄ GA₄ regulates nodule size, influences meristem bifurcation, and modulates senescence Higher GA levels correlate with increased nodule size and bacterial progeny, providing selective advantage to GA-producing strains 6. Nitrogen Fixation Biochemistry Nitrogenase Enzyme Complex Components: Component I (MoFe protein): Contains molybdenum and iron clusters Component II (Fe protein): Contains iron-sulfur cluster; transfers electrons to Component I Electron donors: Bacteroid respiration provides reducing power; organic acids (malate, α-ketoglutarate) drive electron transport Catalytic Reaction:[ \text{N}_2 + 8 e^- + 16 \text{ATP} \to 2 \text{NH}_3 + \text{H}_2 + 16 \text{ADP} + 16 P_i ] Key Features: Requires strictly anaerobic conditions (oxygen sensitivity) Demands substantial ATP input (~16 molecules ATP per N₂ molecule fixed) B. elkanii bacteroids express oxygen-scavenging mechanisms including leghemoglobin synthesis Oxygen Management in Nodules Oxygen Gradient: Outer nodule layers maintain aerobic respiration for ATP generation Interior nodule zones remain anaerobic for nitrogenase activity B. elkanii respiration consumes oxygen in bacterial layers, maintaining hypoxia in nitrogenase-active compartments Oxygen-Protective Mechanisms: Leghemoglobin (plant-encoded, bacteroid-synthesized iron-containing protein) buffers oxygen at nanomolar levels, preventing nitrogenase inactivation Bacteroid differentiation produces enlarged, polyploid cells with reduced permeability to oxygen Expressed late nodulation proteins (Nols) contribute to oxygen protection Metabolic Integration Carbon-Nitrogen Balance: Host plants provide carbohydrates (photosynthetically-derived organic acids) to bacteroids B. elkanii oxidizes organic acids via citric acid cycle and electron transport chains, generating ATP and reducing equivalents for nitrogenase Efficient strains (e.g., B. elkanii USDA76) show higher enzyme levels for Nod factor synthesis and metabolic integration Ammonia Utilization: Ammonia fixed by nitrogenase is rapidly assimilated via glutamine synthetase (GS) in bacteroids However, much ammonia is excreted to host cells, where plants incorporate it into amino acids (glutamine, aspartate) Plant cells return nitrogen to bacteroids as amino acids and organic compounds, establishing exchange equilibrium 7. Regulatory Networks and Gene Expression NifA-RpoN Regulatory Circuit NifA: Sigma-54-dependent transcriptional activator controlling expression of nitrogen fixation (nif) and related genes Activates nifHDK genes encoding nitrogenase structural proteins Responsive to oxygen levels; activated under microoxic conditions characteristic of nodule interiors Coordinates temporal expression of nif genes with nodule development progression RpoN: Sigma-54 RNA polymerase recognizing NifA-bound promoters Directs transcription from nif promoters bearing NifA-binding sites Links nitrogen fixation gene expression to nodule maturation stage GlnR Regulatory Protein Function: Controls nitrogen assimilation genes and cross-talks with symbiotic signaling Represses genes for nitrogen scavenging (e.g., ABC transporters) when ammonia is abundant Releases repression when ammonia becomes limiting, activating alternative nitrogen acquisition pathways Prevents metabolic conflict during high nitrogen fixation rates AdeR (Adenine Deaminase Regulator) Role: Modulates purine metabolism and symbiotic efficiency Controls genes involved in nucleotide synthesis Adjusted expression enables rapid bacterial replication in nodules while supporting biosynthesis of symbiotic proteins 8. Comparative Genomics: Symbiotic Island Architecture Symbiotic Island Composition B. elkanii genomes contain low GC-content regions (symbiotic islands) harboring symbiosis-essential genes: Island A (Main symbiotic island): ~690 kb Contains nod cluster: nodABC, nodD, nodZ, regulatory sequences Contains nif cluster: nifHDK, nifENX, fixABCX Contains fix genes (flavoproteins, cytochromes) for electron transport Island B (Small region): ~4–44 kb Variable across strains; minimal genes Island C: ~200–518 kb Contains additional metabolic and regulatory genes Variable gene content among B. elkanii strains Lateral Gene Transfer and Evolutionary Plasticity Pangenome Analysis: Bradyrhizobium pangenome: 84,078 gene families across species Core genome: 824 genes (essential cell processes) Accessory genome: 42,409 genes (including symbiotic, metabolic, stress response functions) B. elkanii genomes are moderately stable compared to highly plastic genomes of some Sinorhizobium species Genetic Variations: SNPs and indels in symbiotic islands correlate with symbiotic phenotype differences Polymorphisms in nif, fix, and nodulation regulatory genes drive intraspecific variation Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) facilitate horizontal transfer of symbiotic genes between Bradyrhizobium strains 9. Stress Response and Environmental Adaptation Osmotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms: Production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and trehalose Upregulation of osmolyte synthesis under salt stress Maintenance of cell membrane integrity under water deficit Acid-Soil Adaptation pH Tolerance: Many B. elkanii strains tolerate pH 4.5–6.5, though optimal nodulation occurs at pH 6.0–7.5 Expression of acid-tolerance proteins enables survival in acidic soils Selection pressure in Brazilian Cerrado soils (naturally acidic) has generated acid-adapted B. elkanii strains Mode of Action Step-by-Step Nodulation Process Phase 1: Recognition and Signaling (Hours 0–12) Host root exudation of flavonoids B. elkanii perception and chemotaxis toward root Activation of nod gene transcription via NodD-flavonoid interaction Synthesis and secretion of Nod factors Nod factor recognition by plant NFR1/NFR5 receptors Initiation of early nodulation gene expression in plant Phase 2: Infection (Days 1–3) Root hair curling and bacterial microcolony formation Infection thread invasion through root epidermis T3SS-mediated suppression of plant defense responses Intercellular infection thread progression toward cortex Bacterial translocation into cortical cells Phase 3: Nodule Organogenesis (Days 3–7) Induction of cortical cell mitosis (meristem activation) Differentiation of nodule tissues (vascular bundle, infection zone) Bacterial release from infection threads Formation of peribacteroid membranes Nodule structure maturation Phase 4: Bacteroid Differentiation and Nitrogen Fixation (Days 7–21) B. elkanii endoreduplication and morphological differentiation Expression of nitrogenase (nif) and iron-sulfur cluster synthesis genes Establishment of microaerobic environment Initiation of nitrogen fixation Nitrogen transfer to host plant Phase 5: Sustained Symbiosis (Weeks 3–Harvest) Peak nitrogen fixation rates Continuous nitrogen supply to plant Bacterial maintenance and reproduction within nodules Age-dependent nodule senescence in late pod-fill stages Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Crop Recommendations and Compatibility Compatible Legumes for B. elkanii Primary Hosts: Soybean (Glycine max) – highest efficiency and most extensively studied Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) – excellent nodulation; SEMIA 6144 strain widely used Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) – strain-dependent compatibility (USDA61 is incompatible with some cultivars) Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata) – variable efficiency depending on strain Secondary Hosts (with strain-specific compatibility): Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Yard-long Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) Black Gram (Vigna mungo) – USDA61 strain shows exceptional specificity Broad Host Range (Associated Legumes): Various Vigna species Certain Vicia species Select native legume species Non-Host Associations (Growth Promotion Without Nodulation) B. elkanii can colonize grass roots and promote growth through: Production of plant growth hormones (IAA, gibberellins) Enhanced root development and mineral uptake Demonstrated effects on: white oats, black oats, ryegrass Associated References: Similar to Paenibacillus azotofixans, which also promotes non-legume growth through PGPR mechanisms, B. elkanii exhibits plant growth-promoting properties beyond nodulation. Compatibility with Agricultural Inputs Input Type Compatibility Notes Bio-Pesticides Compatible Use with caution; avoid simultaneous application with broad-spectrum fungicides Bio-Fertilizers Compatible Synergistic effects with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) observed Plant Growth Hormones Compatible Enhanced effects when combined with IAA or gibberellin-producing organisms Chemical Fertilizers Incompatible Avoid high rates of urea; inhibit nodule formation and nitrogen fixation Fungicides (Broad-Spectrum) Incompatible Fungicides reduce bacterial viability; use selective agents or pre-inoculation strategies Herbicides Compatible (Selective) Most herbicides compatible; avoid herbicides with antimicrobial activity Insecticides Compatible (Most) Compatibility varies by class; pyrethroids and neonicotinoids generally safe Shelf Life and Storage Shelf Life: Stable for up to 1 year from manufacturing date under proper conditions Storage Temperature: Cool, dry conditions; maintain 4–15°C for extended viability Light Protection: Store away from direct sunlight (UV light reduces viability) Humidity: Keep in sealed containers to prevent moisture loss Monitoring: Check for discoloration, odor, or contamination before use; discard if compromised Dosage and Application Methods Seed Coating/Seed Treatment Protocol: Prepare slurry: Mix 10 g of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with 10 g crude sugar in sufficient water Coat 1 kg of seeds evenly with slurry mixture Dry coated seeds in shade before sowing (allow 2–3 hours) Sow treated seeds immediately or store in cool, dry conditions for up to 60–90 days (viability maintained with proper storage) Advantages: Simple, cost-effective, ensures bacterium-seed contact, minimal equipment Seedling Treatment (Nursery Application) Protocol: Mix 100 g of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with sufficient water Dip seedling roots into inoculant slurry for 5–10 minutes Transplant seedlings into field immediately Applications: Nursery-raised legumes (peanut, some vegetables); labor-intensive but ensures high infection rates Soil Application (Broadcasting) Protocol: Mix 3–5 kg per acre of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with organic manure or vermicompost Distribute mixture uniformly across field during land preparation Incorporate into soil by plowing or harrowing 2–3 weeks before sowing Alternatively, apply close to seeding for rapid root colonization Advantages: Builds soil population; benefits residual inoculum for crop rotations Rate: 3–5 kg/acre optimal for establishment of ~10⁷–10⁸ CFU/g soil Irrigation/Fertigation Application Protocol: Mix 3 kg per acre of Bradyrhizobium elkanii in water (1:10 ratio) Pass through 100-mesh filter to remove particles Apply via drip lines or sprinkler irrigation system Best applied in evening to reduce UV exposure Advantages: Reaches established root systems; applicable post-emergence; supports nodule maintenance Timing: Early vegetative stages (V2–V4) for maximum nodule formation FAQ General Biology and Function What makes Bradyrhizobium elkanii different from free-living nitrogen fixers like Paenibacillus azotofixans? Bradyrhizobium elkanii is a symbiotic nitrogen fixer that forms intimate associations with legume roots and establishes specialized nitrogen-fixing nodules. In contrast, Paenibacillus azotofixans is a free-living nitrogen fixer that operates independently in soil without forming nodules. B. elkanii achieves higher nitrogen fixation rates (100–300 kg N/ha/season) through symbiotic cooperation with host plants, whereas P. azotofixans supplies more modest benefits (20–50 kg N/ha depending on conditions). B. elkanii cannot infect non-legume hosts, while P. azotofixans benefits a broad range of crop species through general PGPR mechanisms. For legume cultivation, B. elkanii is the preferred choice due to superior nitrogen fixation efficiency. How does Bradyrhizobium elkanii survive in different soil conditions? B. elkanii survives through multiple strategies. As a non-spore-forming bacterium, it depends on competitive fitness and metabolic flexibility rather than dormancy. B. elkanii tolerates: Acidic soils (pH 4.5–6.5): Acid-adapted strains (e.g., from Brazilian Cerrado) have evolved acid-tolerance proteins Drought: Produces exopolysaccharides (EPS) and osmolytes for osmotic balance Salinity: Synthesizes antioxidant molecules and ionic homeostasis proteins Temperature fluctuations: Expresses heat-shock proteins and cold-adaptation proteins Nutrient starvation: Metabolic versatility supports survival on minimal carbon and nitrogen sources Survival in soils is enhanced by host plant association, which supplies carbohydrates and maintains favorable microenvironments within root nodules. Can Bradyrhizobium species work synergistically with other soil bacteria? Yes, synergistic effects are well-documented: Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB): Co-inoculation with PSB (e.g., Bacillus megaterium) enhances phosphorus availability, improving B. elkanii nodule formation and nitrogen fixation Azospirillum species: Co-inoculation of B. elkanii with Azospirillum brasilense produces superior soybean growth through complementary IAA production; IAA stimulates root growth, improving rhizobial infection Bacillus subtilis: Co-inoculation in saline-alkali soils increased soybean yield by 18% compared to B. elkanii alone Biofilm formation: In consortia, rhizobia establish biofilms on root surfaces, enhancing competition with native rhizobia and pathogenic microbes What is the optimal soybean genotype for B. elkanii nodulation? Optimal genotypes depend on strain compatibility with soybean Rj genes: Best compatibility: Non-Rj genotypes and Rj4-gene carriers (with compatible B. elkanii strains, but not USDA61) Poor compatibility: Rj3-genotype cultivars generally incompatible with B. elkanii Type B strains Strain-specific: B. elkanii strains vary in effectiveness with different cultivars USDA76, SEMIA 587, SEMIA 5019: Good nodulation on most soybean genotypes USDA61: Excellent on soybean but incompatible with Rj4 genotypes Elite strains (e.g., ESA 123): Superior performance in drylands Recommendation: For maximum nitrogen fixation, select cultivars without restrictive Rj genes and pair with adapted strain Agricultural Applications and Management Which crops benefit most from Bradyrhizobium elkanii application? All legume crops benefit, but effectiveness varies: Highest benefit: Soybean, peanut, mung bean (90–300 kg N/ha fixation) Good benefit: Black-eyed pea, groundnut, yard-long bean (100–200 kg N/ha) Situational benefit: Native legumes, forage legumes (highly variable) No benefit: Non-legume crops (though limited growth promotion observed with some grasses) Factors maximizing benefit: Presence of native rhizobial population <10⁴ CFU/g soil Absence of antagonistic soil microbes Compatible soybean genotype (for soybean) Adequate soil pH (5.5–7.5) Highest ROI crops: Soybean in virgin soils; peanut in semi-arid regions with drought-adapted strains How quickly can farmers expect to see results from Bradyrhizobium elkanii inoculation? Timeline: 1–2 weeks post-inoculation: Infection thread formation; root colonization progresses 2–4 weeks: Visible nodule appearance; initiation of nitrogen fixation 4–8 weeks: Peak nodulation and nitrogen fixation rates established 8–16 weeks (R1–R5 stages in soybean): Cumulative nitrogen benefit becomes apparent in plant biomass Harvest: Final yield difference becomes quantifiable Field observations: Early-inoculated plants show accelerated growth compared to uninoculated controls Root development superior within 3–4 weeks Leaf color and vigor improvements evident by 6–8 weeks Yield increase: 5–60% depending on initial soil population and environmental conditions Maximum benefit: Observed at crop maturity; early-season nodulation establishes sustained nitrogen supply for pod fill and grain development Is Bradyrhizobium elkanii compatible with other agricultural inputs? Compatibility Summary: ✓ Bio-pesticides: Compatible (exclude broad-spectrum fungicides) ✓ Bio-fertilizers & PSB: Highly compatible; synergistic effects ✓ Plant hormones (IAA, GA): Compatible; enhanced effects ✓ Herbicides: Most compatible; avoid antimicrobial formulations ✗ Chemical fertilizers: High nitrogen rates inhibit nodulation ✗ Broad-spectrum fungicides: Lethal to B. elkanii; use selective or post-inoculation application ✗ Chemical nematicides: Many reduce viability Recommendation: Apply B. elkanii as early as possible (seed or pre-plant soil); avoid fungicides during first 4–6 weeks post-inoculation. Nitrogen fertilizers should be minimal (<50 kg N/ha) to avoid suppression of nitrogen fixation. Environmental Impact and Sustainability Does Bradyrhizobium elkanii have any environmental risks? Safety Profile: Naturally occurring soil bacterium; non-pathogenic to plants and animals No environmental accumulation; subject to normal soil microbial turnover Approved for organic farming systems (non-GMO) Reduces synthetic fertilizer use, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions Environmental Benefits: Replaces ~100–300 kg N/ha of synthetic fertilizer per crop season Synthetic fertilizer production accounts for ~2% of global energy use; B. elkanii reduces this footprint Decreases soil contamination risk from excess nitrate leaching Improves soil carbon sequestration through enhanced root exudation and organic matter Potential concerns (minimal): If non-competitive strains displace native rhizobia (rare; native populations typically recover) Nodule senescence releases carbon; however, net soil carbon often increases due to residual legume biomass Overall: B. elkanii inoculation is environmentally sound and beneficial to soil ecosystems How does Bradyrhizobium elkanii contribute to sustainable farming? Sustainability Contributions: Nitrogen cycle restoration: Reduces dependence on Haber-Bosch synthetic nitrogen Soil health: Improves biological activity, organic matter, and aggregate stability Crop rotation benefits: Legume crops (with B. elkanii) replenish nitrogen for subsequent cereal crops; reduces fertilizer for following season by 30–50% Carbon footprint reduction: Avoids emissions from fertilizer production (~0.5 kg CO₂ per kg N eliminated) Resilience to climate variability: Nitrogen fixation continues under drought (strain-dependent) better than relying on soil nitrogen pools Economic sustainability: Inoculant cost (~$2–5 per hectare) << synthetic nitrogen fertilizer cost (~$15–40 per hectare) Broader implications: Integration of B. elkanii inoculation into farming systems supports UN Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and Goal 13 (Climate Action) Can Bradyrhizobium elkanii help with climate change mitigation? Direct contributions: Reduced N₂O emissions: Elite strains carrying N₂O reductase (nos genes) reduce soil N₂O emissions by ~70% compared to standard strains Fertilizer reduction: Each kilogram of synthetic nitrogen avoided saves ~5 kg CO₂ equivalent from production and transport Soil carbon sequestration: Enhanced root exudation and legume residue decomposition increases soil carbon stocks Example calculation: Soybean field (50 ha) with B. elkanii inoculation Replaces 100 kg N/ha with biological fixation Avoids: 5,000 kg CO₂ equivalent (from fertilizer production), 100 kg N₂O equivalent (20 kg CO₂ equivalent), 250 kg CO₂ (from transport/application) Total mitigation: ~5,370 kg CO₂ equivalent per season Product Selection and Application Strategies How should Bradyrhizobium elkanii products be stored? Storage Conditions: Temperature: 4–15°C (cool, dry storage) Light: Darkness (UV light reduces viability by ~50% per week) Humidity: Sealed containers; humidity <70% Duration: Up to 1 year from manufacturing date Storage best practices: Keep in original sealed containers Store in dedicated cool storage (not with agrochemicals or fertilizers) Avoid direct sunlight, heat exposure Do not refrigerate below 4°C (cold stress reduces viability) Check for discoloration, foul odor, or contamination before use Discard products exceeding shelf life or showing signs of degradation Pre-application checks: Verify CFU concentration (should be ≥10⁸ CFU/g) Confirm expiration date Check for clumping or separation (sign of degradation) What is the optimal application timing for Bradyrhizobium elkanii? Timing Strategy: Best: Seed treatment 3–14 days before sowing (allows infection thread formation before water stress from germination) Good: At-planting seed treatment (simultaneous with sowing) Acceptable: Soil application 2–3 weeks before sowing (establishes soil population) Last resort: Early V2–V4 application (later than ideal but still effective) Seasonal considerations: Spring planting: Warmer soils favor infection; apply when soil temperature ≥15°C Monsoon crops: Ensure good soil drainage; waterlogged soils reduce nodulation Dry seasons: Apply post-irrigation or pre-monsoon for optimal soil moisture Sequential plantings: If crop residue is retained (no-till), residual soil population often supports second-year crops; re-inoculation beneficial only if populations fall below 10⁴ CFU/g soil Can organic farmers use Bradyrhizobium elkanii? Organic Certification Status: Yes, fully approved for certified organic production Bradyrhizobium elkanii is a naturally occurring, non-GMO soil bacterium Meets IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) standards Complies with organic certification requirements (USDA National Organic Program, EU Organic Regulation, others) Organic system benefits: Eliminates synthetic nitrogen fertilizer requirement Supports crop rotation strategies Improves soil biological diversity Aligns with organic philosophy of biological nutrient cycling Recommendations for organic farmers: Use seed treatments rather than synthetic fungicide combinations Apply biological inoculants early (seed or pre-plant) Avoid synthetic fungicides during critical nodulation period (first 4–6 weeks) Incorporate into comprehensive organic management (crop rotation, adequate organic matter, proper pH) Connecting B. elkanii and P. azotofixans While Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Paenibacillus azotofixans represent distinct nitrogen-fixing strategies, both contribute to agricultural sustainability: Characteristic B. elkanii P. azotofixans Nitrogen fixation strategy Symbiotic (nodulation) Free-living soil Host range Legumes (highly specific) Broad host range (all crops) Nitrogen contribution 100–300 kg N/ha/season 20–50 kg N/ha/season Nodule formation Yes; essential No PGPR functions Limited (nodulation-focused) Multiple (IAA, GA, biocontrol) Best use Legume crops Non-legumes and supplementary legume inoculation Interaction Can compete for nodule occupancy Complementary; enhances B. elkanii effectiveness via IAA production Integrated Approach: In diversified farming systems, B. elkanii inoculant for legume crops followed by P. azotofixans for non-legume crops creates a comprehensive biological nitrogen management strategy. Conclusion Bradyrhizobium elkanii represents a cornerstone microorganism for sustainable legume production. Its sophisticated molecular mechanisms for host recognition, infection, and nitrogen fixation, combined with practical agricultural benefits, make it indispensable for modern sustainable agriculture. With proper strain selection, timing, and integration with complementary practices, B. elkanii inoculation can significantly improve crop yields, reduce fertilizer dependency, and enhance soil health across diverse agroecosystems. Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium japonicum Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus More Products Resources Read all

< Crop Kits Seed Protek SeedProtek is a seed treatment with Mycorrhiza, PGPR, and nutrient-mobilizing microbes for germination and stress tolerance. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Improved Nutrient Uptake Mobilizes key nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients through specialized microbial strains. Stronger Germination and Disease Defense Promotes uniform seed germination and suppresses soil-borne diseases, ensuring healthier early-stage development. Enhanced Root Proliferation Stimulates vigorous root growth through PGPR and mycorrhizae, improving nutrient access and plant anchorage. Increased Stress Tolerance Boosts drought resistance and helps plants withstand both biotic and abiotic stress via mycorrhizal symbiosis and beneficial metabolites. Benefits Content coming soon! Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Seed dressing for crops: Wheat, Barley, Rice, Soybean, Peanuts, and similar crops with seed rate of 100–120 Kg / Ha. Apply 2 mL/kg seed Additional Info Mode of Action Microbes in SeedProtek multiply as the roots grow in a three-dimensional way around the root system. Biofertilizers: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria assist in better solubilization of fixed phosphorus Potassium-mobilizing bacteria : Potash is an expensive element and usually gets leached out. The bacteria mobilize potassium and make it available to the plant Mycorrhiza colonizes the root system and extends hyphae beyond the root system, reaching into zones not normally accessed by the root. This ensures plants get more phosphorus and other micronutrients from ‘far away’ zones. Mycorrhiza offers unique biostimulant properties that enhance tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria): Silica-solubilizing bacteria impart drought tolerance and promote robust growth Bacillus spp promotes a healthy root system and has a fungistatic action Trichoderma spp enhances root growth and has a fungistatic action Organic acids and enzymes secreted by the microbes help mobilize various fixed elements in the soil Storage Requirements Store below 40°C in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. Keep away from sunlight, children, and animals. Do not store in metallic containers. Keep tightly closed when not in use. Handling Precautions Use standard hygiene and safety practices for agricultural products. Related Products Aminomax SP Annomax BioProtek Biocupe Neem Plus Silicomax Dates Pro BloomX More Products Resources Read all