< Animal Health Pastocare Formulated just for sheep and goats, Pasto Care contains molybdenum to prevent copper toxicity and it is made without any added copper. Higher levels of zinc and iron are important for maintaining high growth rates, preventing anemia, and increasing resistance to disease. To prevent goiter and to aid in improvement of reproductive efficiency, Iodine is included at the correct level. Product Enquiry Benefits Protects Against Bacterial Infections Helps prevent infections caused by E. coli and Salmonella, safeguarding animal health. Improves Fertility and Reproductive Health Supports better fertility and contributes to overall reproductive efficiency in livestock. Promotes Rapid Weight Gain and Growth Enhances body weight increase and supports faster development for improved productivity. Boosts Immunity and Recovery Aids in recovering from vitamin deficiencies, strengthens the immune system, and improves survival and performance. Component Each kg contains Vitamin A 250,000 I.U. Vitamin D3 25,000 I.U. Vitamin E 5,000 I.U. Lactobacillus Acidophilus 2 billion CFU Lactobacillus Fermentum 2 billion CFU Lactobacillus Bifidus 2 billion CFU Mineral Mineral Ferrous Sulphate Potassium Iodate Zinc Oxide Cobalt Sulphate Manganous Oxide Sodium Selenite Magnesium Oxide Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Content coming soon! Additional Info Content coming soon! Related Products Stress Pro Camel Care Pro Cattle Care Max Cattle Care Pro Feed Pro Grass Mask Lactomine Pro Lactomix Mineral Max Calf Pro More Products Resources Read all

< Animal Health Feed Pro Feed Pro (Microbial feed additive for calves) enhances greater feed intake of Product Enquiry Benefits Reduces Disease Risk and Strengthens Gut Integrity Lowers the incidence of diarrheal diseases and intestinal infections, while bolstering gut integrity and improving overall health status. Improves Stress Adaptation and Growth Rate Helps animals adapt to stress quickly, increases average daily gain, and shortens the time to market, reducing overall input costs. Enhances Feed Intake and Conversion Efficiency Improves appetite and feed conversion, resulting in better growth and more efficient nutrient use. Supports Digestion and Gut Health Promotes healthy digestion, strengthens gastrointestinal function, and contributes to better calf performance and immune development. Component Amount per kg Bioactive Chromium 65 mg Calcium 240 g Phosphorus 120 g Magnesium 2.11 g Zinc 2.13 g Copper 312 mg Cobalt 45 mg Iron 1000 mg Iodine 160 mg DL-Methionine 2.00 g L-Lysine 4.00 g Protein Hydrolysate 4.00 g Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Content coming soon! Additional Info Content coming soon! Related Products Stress Pro Camel Care Pro Cattle Care Max Cattle Care Pro Grass Mask Lactomine Pro Lactomix Mineral Max Pastocare Calf Pro More Products Resources Read all

Th-Derma Bio Fungicide is a product containing Trichoderma Harzianum and Antagonistic Fungus with a spore load of 2 x 106 CFU / Gm. Indogulf BioAg - Organic Fertilizer Trichoderma Harzianum - Manufacturer & Exporter in USA TH-DERMA Bio Fungicide is a product containing Trichoderma Harzianum and Antagonistic Fungus with a spore load of 2 x 106 CFU / Gm. It is effective in controlling both seed and soil-borne pathogens, causing damping-off, root rot, and wilt diseases. The product is free from fungal contamination and has a shelf life of 12 months. Composition Trichoderma Harzianum – 2 x 106 CFU / Gm Indications Control Fungal diseases like Fruit rot caused by Botrytis spp and other fungal pathogens attacking the crops. TH-DERMA effectively controls most of the economically important fungal diseases like Fruit rot caused by Botrytis spp. Effectively controls nematodes like Root knot nematodes and Remiform. Banana, Cotton : Pathogenic Fungi, Seed borne Diseases Cabbage, Chillies, Marigold, Paddy : Collar Rot, Damping off, Pathogenic Fungi, Root Rot, Wilt Cauliflower : Collar Rot, Damping off, Root Rot, Wilt Citrus, Grapes, Ginger, Groundnut, Ornamental Flowers, Pepper, Pomegranate, Tea, Tomato, Turmeric : Pathogenic Fungi Jawar, Okra, Sunflower, Pulses Wheat : Seed Borne Diseases Mode of Action Trichoderma Harzianum suppresses the growth of the pathogen population in the rhizosphere through competition and thus reduces disease development. It produces antibiotics and toxins which have a direct effect on other organisms. The antagonist (Trichoderma) hyphae either grow along the host hyphae or coil around it and secrete different lytic enzymes such as chitinase, glucanase, and pectinase that are involved in the process of mycoparasitism. Trichoderma harzianum produces toxins that have a nematicidal property and are thus used as an effective nematicide and Boost germination rate. Increase in shoot & Root length Solubilizing various insoluble forms of Phosphates Augment Nitrogen-fixing. Dosage and method of Application Foliar application : Mix 10gms of TH-DERMA powder in adequate quantity of water and use it for foliar spray. Spray volume depends on crop canopy. Soil application : Mix 50 Kgs of TH-DERMA powder with sufficient quantity of organic fertiliser and apply to the root zone of the plants in 1 acre of land. Root dipping for Nursery application : Mix 10gms of TH-DERMA with 1 Liter of water and use to dip roots of the plants overnight. Shelf Life & Packaging Shelf life : Best before 24 months, Stored in room temperature. Packaging : 1 Kg. Pouch. Trichoderma fungi are an efficient, cost-effective, and selective means for the biological control of fungal diseases, bacterial diseases, and even nematodes, as through their own growth they outcompete, parasite, and create resistance in plants against damaging pathogens. [Read more ] Downloads Product Information Label Information Click here for Product Enquiry Related Articles Biological pest control agent profiles: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt.) The crown jewel of biological pest control, Bacillus thuringiensis is a species of bacteria that has become one of the most frequently... Biological pest control agent profiles: Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma spp.) Trichoderma fungi are an efficient, cost-effective, and selective means for the biological control of fungal diseases, bacterial... Biological Pest Control Agent Profiles: Ladybugs (Coccinellidae) Possibly the biological pest control agent by excellence, ladybugs have become a staple in the market of insects used to combat plagues, especially for their role in the control of aphids. But ladybugs, the members of the insect family Coccinellidae , can feed on a wide range of plagues that go from caterpillars and beetle larvae (genus Coleomegilla of ladybugs) to mites (genus Stethorus ) and whiteflies, thrips, mealybugs, and psyllids. About 90% of the species of this fami

Glomus mosseae (Funneliformis mosseae) is a highly effective and widely distributed species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF). These fungi are obligate biotrophs, meaning they form a symbiotic (mutualistic) relationship with the roots of over 80% of terrestrial plant species, including a vast majority of agricultural and horticultural crops. This partnership enhances plant growth, improves nutrient uptake, and increases tolerance to various environmental stresses. G. mosseae is recognized for its broad host range and adaptability to diverse soil conditions, making it a valuable component of sustainable agricultural and horticultural practices. < Microbial Species Glomus mosseae Glomus mosseae (Funneliformis mosseae) is a highly effective and widely distributed species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF). These fungi are obligate biotrophs, meaning they form… Show More Strength 245 Active Spores per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Improved Stress Tolerance Enhances resilience to drought and salinity by improving water retention, regulating osmotic balance, and supporting antioxidant defense mechanisms, helping plants survive in harsh conditions. Stronger Root System Promotes root elongation and branching, increasing root surface area for better nutrient and water absorption, ultimately improving plant stability and growth. Better Soil Health Produces glomalin, a glycoprotein that binds soil particles, enhancing soil aggregation, aeration, and microbial interactions, contributing to long-term soil fertility. Enhanced Nutrient Uptake Extends its hyphal network beyond the root zone, significantly improving phosphorus, zinc, and other micronutrient absorption, leading to better plant nutrition. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Glomus mosseae establishes a beneficial relationship with plant roots through a series of well-coordinated steps: Symbiosis Establishment: The process begins when spores of F. mosseae in the soil germinate, sending out hyphae (fungal filaments). These hyphae grow towards plant roots, stimulated by chemical signals (like strigolactones) released by the roots. 10 Upon reaching a compatible root, the hypha forms an appressorium (a swelling) on the root surface, allowing it to penetrate the root epidermis and cortex. Inside the root cortical cells, the fungus develops highly branched structures called arbuscules . Many AMF, including F. mosseae , also form vesicles , which are oval, lipid-filled structures within the root that serve as storage organs for the fungus. Nutrient Exchange and Plant Benefits: Arbuscules are the primary sites of nutrient exchange.The extensive network of extraradical hyphae extends far into the soil, beyond the reach of plant roots, efficiently absorbing nutrients and water. Phosphorus (P): G. mosseae significantly enhances P uptake, making it more available to plants, especially in P-deficient soils. Nitrogen (N): It improves N acquisition by absorbing ammonium and nitrate, and potentially organic N forms. Other Nutrients: Uptake of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and micronutrients like zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) is also enhanced. 41 Water: The hyphal network increases the surface area for water absorption, improving plant water relations and drought tolerance. 1 In return for these nutrients, the plant provides the fungus with carbon compounds (sugars and lipids) derived from photosynthesis. 1 Soil Health Improvement: The extraradical hyphae of F. mosseae bind soil particles together. The fungus also secretes glycoproteins like glomalin, which act as a soil glue, promoting the formation and stability of soil aggregates. This improves soil structure, aeration, water infiltration, and reduces erosion. Stress Tolerance: F. mosseae significantly enhances plant resilience to various abiotic stresses: Drought Stress: By improving water uptake and physiological responses like osmotic adjustment. 1 Salinity Stress: By aiding in osmoregulation and potentially reducing toxic ion uptake. 37 Heavy Metal Stress: By immobilizing metals in the roots or soil, reducing their translocation to shoots, and enhancing plant antioxidant systems. Disease Resistance: G. mosseae can enhance plant resistance to certain soilborne pathogens. This can occur through competition for root space and nutrients, improved plant vigor, and by inducing systemic resistance in the host plant (Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance). source Additional Info Handling Information Storage: Store inoculants in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures to maintain propagule viability. 63 Refer to product label for specific storage recommendations and shelf-life. Precautions: Avoid inhaling dust from powder formulations. It is advisable to wear gloves and wash hands thoroughly after handling any microbial inoculant. Keep out of reach of children and pets. Safety Information Glomus mosseae is a naturally occurring soil microorganism and is generally considered safe for humans, animals, and the environment when used as directed. It is an eco-friendly component of sustainable agricultural systems. Not intended for human or animal consumption. Dosage & Application Glomus mosseae inoculants can be applied through various methods depending on the crop, cultivation system, and product formulation: Seed Treatment: Inoculum can be coated onto seeds before sowing. This ensures the fungus is present when roots emerge. Soil Application: Inoculum (powder, granular, or liquid) can be incorporated into the soil or planting medium at the time of sowing or transplanting, applied in furrows, or mixed with nursery substrates. Root Dipping: Seedling roots can be dipped into a slurry of the inoculum before transplanting. Nursery Application: Incorporating inoculum into nursery beds or potting mixes helps produce mycorrhizal seedlings that are more robust and perform better after transplanting. Follow product-specific guidelines for application rates and methods for optimal results. Recommended Crops Glomus mosseae has a broad host range and can benefit a wide variety of plants. It is recommended for: Cereals: Maize, wheat, rice, sorghum, etc. Legumes: Soybean, cowpea, beans, alfalfa, clover, liquorice, etc. Vegetables: Tomato, pepper, onion, carrot, potato, etc. Fruits: Grapes, olives, etc. Ornamental Plants: Various flowering and foliage plants. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Lavender, summer savory, Begonia , etc. Forestry Species and Land Reclamation Plants . FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Rhizophagus Intraradices Serendipita indica More Products Resources Read all

Nitrococcus mobilis is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium primarily found in marine environments, where it plays a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle. This organism oxidizes nitrite (NO₂⁻) into nitrate (NO₃⁻), facilitating nitrogen transformation in oceanic ecosystems and supporting the productivity of aquatic life. Its role in maintaining nitrogen balance makes N. mobilis a key player in nutrient cycling, particularly in coastal and deep-sea environments. Additionally, its metabolic versatility and ability to thrive in saline conditions highlight its importance in sustaining marine ecosystems and contributing to global nitrogen dynamics. < Microbial Species Nitrococcus mobilis Nitrococcus mobilis is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium primarily found in marine environments, where it plays a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle. This organism oxidizes nitrite… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Pollution Mitigation Helps reduce nitrite concentrations in contaminated waters, improving overall water quality. Wastewater Treatment Enhances the biological treatment of wastewater by facilitating nitrogen removal. Marine Nitrogen Cycle Plays a vital role in the nitrogen cycle of marine environments, supporting ecosystem health. Nitrate Production Converts nitrites to nitrates, which are essential for plant growth and soil health. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

< Animal Health Breatheeze Breatheze is a proven effective remedy for respiratory noise caused by different pathogens. A unique formula of mixture of herbal extracts which proven to relief and control respiratory infections. It is a spray treatment that prevents respiratory complications in all poultry birds. Product Enquiry Benefits Controls Respiratory Distress Helps prevent and manage respiratory noise and complications caused by viral, bacterial, or environmental factors. Supports Antibiotic Efficacy Enhances the effectiveness of antibiotics while mitigating their negative effects on the immune system. Prevents Post-Vaccination Respiratory Issues Reduces the risk of respiratory complications following vaccination, supporting smoother recovery. Improves Overall Respiratory Health Promotes clearer airways and better lung function, contributing to improved performance and well-being. Component Each 1L Contains Extracts of Piper Nigum, Kihundu, Abysivca 50% to 60% activity Combretum molle, Neem, Tulsi, Liquorice extract Diphenhydramine hydrochloride IP 1600 mg Bromohexine hydrochloride IP 40 g Ammonium chloride IP 20,000 mg Sodium citrate IP 10,000 mg Carrier (up to) 1 L Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Content coming soon! Additional Info Content coming soon! Related Products Psolbi Bioprol Tcare Sanifresh Respotract Layerpro Heptomax Bromax Ginex Glide Pro Viral Guard More Products Resources Read all

< Crop Kits Wheat Fertilizers A specialized range of biological and botanical formulations designed to enhance wheat crop growth, improve nutrient uptake, boost disease resistance, and support seed germination. These products combine bio-stimulants, microbial solutions, and natural extracts to maximize yield and crop health sustainably. Product Enquiry What Why How What it is Wheat Fertilizers are a curated line of biological and natural inputs—including bio-stimulants, microbial blends, seed treatments, and pest management solutions—designed specifically for wheat cultivation. Why is it important Using tailored wheat fertilizers promotes healthier plants, higher yields, and more resilient crops. They reduce the need for synthetic inputs, improve sustainability, and help farmers achieve consistent productivity—even under challenging soil and climate conditions. How it works These products work by enhancing soil health, stimulating root growth, improving nutrient uptake (especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and increasing resistance to pests and diseases. They support key crop stages like germination, tillering, flowering, and grain filling through targeted biological activity and plant-available nutrients. Subcategory Our Products Explore our tailored Wheat Fertilizer solutions—designed to enhance root growth, nutrient uptake, and crop resilience for healthier plants and higher yields. Aminomax SP Aminomax SP is a biostimulant rich in amino acids derived from plant protein hydrolysates using enzymatic hydrolysis. View Product Annomax Annomax is a botanical extract from Annona squamosa seeds, containing 1% Squamocin (Annonin) as an emulsifiable concentrate. View Product BioProtek Bioprotek is a microbial plant growth promoter that protects leaves and fruits and enhances root-zone activity. View Product Biocupe Biocupe is a spore-based biofungicide containing Chaetomium cupreum for foliar and soil use against fungal diseases. View Product Neem Plus Neem Plus is a water-soluble neem and karanja-based bio-formulation targeting over 400 crop pests. View Product Seed Protek SeedProtek is a seed treatment with Mycorrhiza, PGPR, and nutrient-mobilizing microbes for germination and stress tolerance. View Product Silicomax Silicomax is an organo-silicon adjuvant that improves wetting, sticking, and absorption of agricultural sprays. View Product 1 1 ... 1 ... 1 Resources Read all

Pseudomonas putida is a beneficial bacterium known for producing growth-promoting substances like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), enhancing plant development and root architecture. It degrades organic pollutants, improving soil health and structure while making nutrients more bioavailable. Additionally, P. putida boosts plant stress tolerance by mitigating the effects of drought, salinity, and heavy metals, making it invaluable for sustainable agriculture and environmental remediation. < Microbial Species Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonas putida is a beneficial bacterium known for producing growth-promoting substances like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), enhancing plant development and root architecture. It degrades organic pollutants,… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Pseudomonas putida for Industrial Applications Weimer et al. (2020) A comprehensive review detailing the advances in genetic engineering, systems biology, and biotechnological exploitation of P. putida as an industrial microbial cell factory. It covers the production of bio-based chemicals, adaptation to toxic environments, and integration with synthetic biology platforms. Read here D’Arrigo et al. (2015) This study used differential RNA-sequencing (dRNA-seq) to map transcriptional start sites in P. putida KT2440 , revealing promoter architecture and untranslated regions that are critical for optimizing gene expression in industrial strain design. Read here Nelson et al. (2002) The complete genome sequence of P. putida KT2440 is presented, identifying the organism’s extensive metabolic capabilities, solvent resistance, and non-pathogenic status. The genome is a cornerstone for metabolic engineering in industrial settings. Read here Udaondo et al. (2016) Provides a pangenomic comparison of nine P. putida strains. This study highlights conserved pathways for carbon metabolism and aromatic compound degradation, confirming their robustness in diverse industrial bioprocesses . Read here Song & Zhang (2012) Identifies and localizes mobile genomic islands in several P. putida strains, including genes for salt resistance, stress tolerance, and efflux systems. These traits enhance survival and productivity in chemically harsh industrial environments. Read here Kivisaar (2020) Reviews P. putida ’s historical development and adaptation as a model for biotechnological research, with a focus on regulatory mechanisms, stress responses, and genomic plasticity relevant to industrial-scale applications. Read here Mode of Action 1. Biocontrol via Nutrient Competition and Siderophores P. putida can protect plants against pathogens without relying on toxic or antibiotic substances. Instead, it uses a strategy based on nutrient competition , especially for iron . Siderophores like pyoverdine are secreted to tightly bind iron from the environment, making it unavailable to competing microorganisms (including plant pathogens), thereby suppressing their growth. Notably, P. putida B2017 does not produce common antibiotics like pyocyanin or pyrrolnitrin, but still exhibits biocontrol activity due to pyoverdine production (Daura-Pich et al., 2020). 2. Plant Growth Promotion and Rhizosphere Colonization P. putida is a well-known Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) that helps plants grow better by: Mobilizing nutrients (e.g., phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen metabolism). Inducing systemic resistance in plants against bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens (Park et al., 2011) . Efficiently colonizing the rhizosphere (plant root environment) due to genes promoting motility, chemotaxis, and biofilm formation (Molina et al., 2020) . These abilities allow P. putida to coexist with plants, creating a beneficial plant-microbe relationship. 3. Environmental Bioremediation and Stress Tolerance Thanks to its metabolic versatility , P. putida can degrade a wide variety of toxic pollutants , including hydrocarbons, solvents, and xenobiotics. This makes it a powerful tool in bioremediation (cleaning up contaminated environments). It possesses catabolic genes for the breakdown of aromatic compounds, heavy metals, and other industrial pollutants (Udaondo et al., 2016) . The strain KT2440 is widely used as a model for industrial biotechnology due to its non-pathogenic nature and ability to survive under stress conditions such as high salinity and oxidative stress (Nelson et al., 2002) . 4. Production of Antimicrobial Compounds (Strain-Specific) While not all P. putida strains produce antimicrobial compounds, certain isolates do exhibit this trait: Strains like W15Oct28 and BW11M1 produce putisolvins (cyclic lipopeptides), bacteriocins , tailocins , and other hydrophobic antimicrobial compounds that are active against Staphylococcus aureus , P. aeruginosa , and P. syringae (Ye et al., 2014) ; (Ghequire et al., 2016) . These antimicrobial compounds often work under specific environmental conditions such as low iron availability, adding a layer of ecological control to their use. 5. Capsule Formation and Biofilm Development P. putida can form a polysaccharide capsule that helps in: Surface adhesion (critical for root colonization and biofilm development). Protection against environmental stresses , such as desiccation and immune responses in the case of exposure to a host (Kachlany & Ghiorse, 2009) . Biofilm formation is also important for both plant interactions and survival in industrial settings . Additional Info Pseudomonas putida acts mainly through non-toxic mechanisms like siderophore production, rhizosphere colonization, metabolic versatility for bioremediation, and, in some strains, production of antimicrobial compounds, making it a valuable tool in agriculture and environmental biotechnology. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment: 1 kg of seeds will be coated with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Pseudomonas putida and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. The coated seeds will then be dried in shade and sow or broadcast in the field Seedling Treatment: Dip the seedlings into the mixture of 100 grams of Pseudomonas putida and sufficient amount of water. Soil Treatment: Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Pseudomonas putida with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Incorporate the mixture and spread into the field at the time of planting/sowing. Irrigation: Mix 3 kg per acre of Pseudomonas putida in a sufficient amount of water and run into the drip lines. FAQ What are the primary mechanisms by which Pseudomonas putida exhibits biocontrol activity? P. putida exhibits biocontrol through several integrated mechanisms: Siderophore-mediated iron sequestration: Pyoverdine is the primary siderophore produced, depriving competing phytopathogens of essential iron, thus limiting their proliferation (Daura-Pich et al., 2020). Biofilm formation and rhizosphere competence: Biofilm-related genes facilitate stable colonization of the plant rhizosphere, enhancing competition and persistence in soil ecosystems (Udaondo et al., 2016) . Induced systemic resistance (ISR): Certain strains (e.g., B001) can prime host plant immunity, leading to enhanced resistance to fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens (Park et al., 2011) . What secondary metabolites does P. putida produce, and what are their functions? While P. putida lacks traditional antibiotic biosynthesis clusters seen in P. aeruginosa, several strains synthesize specialized metabolites with ecological and antimicrobial roles: Putisolvins: Lipopeptides with surfactant and antimicrobial properties, also involved in biofilm dispersal (Ye et al., 2014) . Tailocins and bacteriocins: Bacteriophage-derived protein complexes with lethal activity against closely related bacterial strains (Ghequire et al., 2016) . TonB-dependent receptors: Facilitate siderophore piracy, allowing utilization of exogenous siderophores from other microbes (Ye et al., 2014) . What genomic features underlie the adaptability of P. putida? Large and flexible genome (~6.1–6.5 Mb): Rich in genes for xenobiotic degradation, nutrient uptake, and stress tolerance (Nelson et al., 2002) . Mobile genetic elements: Genomic islands encode catabolic operons, efflux pumps, and stress tolerance mechanisms such as ectoine biosynthesis (Song & Zhang, 2012) . Metabolic versatility: Core genome includes complete pathways for the Entner–Doudoroff, pentose phosphate, and aromatic compound degradation cycles (Udaondo et al., 2016) . What makes P. putida suitable for industrial biotechnology? Tolerant to solvents and oxidative stress: Enables its use in biocatalysis and metabolic engineering under harsh conditions (Weimer et al., 2020) . Compatibility with genetic tools: KT2440, a model strain, has been adapted for synthetic biology using CRISPR-Cas systems and modular plasmids for pathway design (Weimer et al., 2020) . Production of value-added products: Used to biosynthesize bioplastics, phenylalanine derivatives, and other platform chemicals from renewable feedstocks (Kivisaar, 2020) . Does P. putida form biofilms or extracellular structures? Yes. Several strains can form: Capsules composed of complex polysaccharides, contributing to adhesion, desiccation resistance, and evasion of protozoan grazing (Kachlany & Ghiorse, 2009) . Biofilms: Promoted by flagellar genes, quorum sensing elements, and cyclic-di-GMP signaling pathways essential for colonization and surface persistence (Udaondo et al., 2016) . Related Products Aspergillus awamori Bacillus firmus Bacillus megaterium Bacillus polymyxa Pseudomonas striata More Products Resources Read all

Paenibacillus azotofixans: Utilized in agricultural practices to promote plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, thus improving soil fertility, especially in various crop fields. < Microbial Species Paenibacillus azotofixans Paenibacillus azotofixans: Utilized in agricultural practices to promote plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, thus improving soil fertility, especially in various crop fields. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Nitrogen Fixation Paenibacillus azotofixans fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which enhances nitrogen availability for plants, supporting their growth and development. Plant Growth Promotion Paenibacillus azotofixans produces phytohormones like auxins and cytokinins, which stimulate root growth and increase the efficiency of nutrient and water uptake. Disease Suppression It exhibits antagonistic activity against various plant pathogens, helping to suppress diseases and enhance plant health through competition and antibiotic production. Phosphate Solubilization It solubilizes phosphate in the soil, making it more accessible to plants, which improves their phosphorus uptake and overall nutrient status. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Molecular Biology and Genetics Genome-Scale Studies: Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of nitrogen fixation in Paenibacillus species has identified over 9,000 differentially expressed genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, energy production, and stress response. These studies provide detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying nitrogen fixation efficiency. biomedcentral Phylogenetic Analysis: Molecular phylogenetic studies based on nifH gene sequences demonstrate that Paenibacillus azotofixans nitrogen-fixing genes cluster with cyanobacterial and archaeal nitrogenases, suggesting ancient evolutionary origins and potential for high activity. journals.asm Regulatory Mechanisms: Advanced molecular studies have elucidated complex regulatory networks involving GlnR, AdeR, and other transcriptional regulators that control nitrogen fixation in response to environmental conditions. microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral+1 Field Performance and Agricultural Applications Multi-Location Trials: Extensive field trials across different climatic zones and soil types consistently demonstrate the effectiveness of Paenibacillus azotofixans for enhancing crop productivity. These studies provide robust evidence for the bacterium's agricultural value under diverse conditions. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Long-Term Sustainability: Research demonstrates that repeated application of Paenibacillus azotofixans maintains soil health and fertility without negative environmental impacts. Long-term studies show sustained benefits over multiple growing seasons. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Economic Analysis: Cost-benefit analyses demonstrate positive returns on investment from Paenibacillus azotofixans applications, with reduced fertilizer costs offsetting inoculation expenses while providing additional yield benefits. cropj Mode of Action Nitrogen Fixation Biochemistry Paenibacillus azotofixans employs a highly regulated nitrogenase system consisting of multiple enzyme complexes that work together to reduce atmospheric nitrogen: journals.asm+1 Oxygen Sensitivity Management: As an obligate anaerobe process, nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase requires oxygen-free conditions. Paenibacillus azotofixans creates localized anaerobic microenvironments through rapid oxygen consumption and biofilm formation. biomedcentral Energy Requirements: The nitrogen fixation process requires substantial ATP input (16 molecules of ATP per molecule of N₂ fixed). Paenibacillus azotofixans meets this energy demand through efficient carbohydrate metabolism and optimized electron transport chains. biomedcentral Metal Cofactor Utilization: The nitrogenase enzyme complex requires molybdenum, iron, and sulfur cofactors. Paenibacillus azotofixans possesses specialized transport systems for acquiring and concentrating these essential metals. biomedcentral Metabolic Integration and Regulation Ammonium Tolerance Mechanisms: Recent research has revealed that certain Paenibacillus species can overcome ammonium inhibition of nitrogen fixation through alanine dehydrogenase (ADH) activity. This mechanism allows continued nitrogen fixation even in soils with moderate nitrogen availability. microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral Carbon-Nitrogen Balance: The bacterium maintains optimal carbon-nitrogen ratios through sophisticated regulatory networks that coordinate nitrogen fixation with carbon metabolism. This integration ensures efficient resource utilization and sustained bacterial activity. journals.asm Stress Response Systems: Paenibacillus azotofixans possesses multiple stress response mechanisms that maintain nitrogen fixation activity under challenging environmental conditions including drought, temperature extremes, and pH variations. microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral Applications in Biofertilizers and Soil Health Management Commercial Biofertilizer Formulations Paenibacillus azotofixans serves as a key component in advanced biofertilizer formulations designed for various agricultural applications: indogulfbioag+1 Multi-Strain Consortiums: Commercial products often combine Paenibacillus azotofixans with complementary bacteria such as phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and biocontrol agents to provide comprehensive plant nutrition and protection. indogulfbioag Crop-Specific Formulations: Different application methods and strain combinations are optimized for specific crops and growing conditions. Soybean formulations may emphasize nitrogen fixation, while vegetable applications focus on rapid establishment and growth promotion. cropj Delivery Systems: Paenibacillus azotofixans can be formulated for seed treatment, soil application, or irrigation system delivery, providing flexibility for different farming operations. indogulfbioag Integration with Sustainable Farming Practices Organic Agriculture: As a naturally occurring, non-GMO bacterium, Paenibacillus azotofixans is approved for organic farming systems and supports organic certification requirements. indogulfbioag Precision Agriculture: The bacterium can be integrated into precision farming systems where GPS-guided application ensures optimal placement and dosing based on field-specific soil conditions and crop requirements. Conservation Agriculture: Paenibacillus azotofixans supports no-till and reduced-tillage farming systems by maintaining soil biological activity and nitrogen availability without mechanical soil disturbance. Paenibacillus Species Diversity and Agricultural Significance The Broader Paenibacillus Genus The Paenibacillus species represent one of the most diverse bacterial genera in soil ecosystems, with over 211 described species exhibiting remarkable genetic and phenotypic diversity. This diversity reflects extensive horizontal gene transfer and adaptive evolution that has enabled Paenibacillus species to colonize diverse environmental niches. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Genomic Diversity: Comparative genomic analyses reveal that Paenibacillus species possess highly variable genome sizes ranging from 3.9 to 10.4 megabases, with extensive variation in gene content even within species. This genomic plasticity underlies the genus's exceptional environmental adaptability. nature Metabolic Versatility: Paenibacillus species demonstrate remarkable metabolic diversity, with different species specialized for various functions including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, biocontrol, and organic matter decomposition. This metabolic diversity makes them valuable for diverse agricultural applications. nature Nitrogen-Fixing Paenibacillus Species Multiple Paenibacillus species possess nitrogen-fixing capabilities, each adapted to specific environmental conditions and plant associations: frontiersin+1 Paenibacillus polymyxa: Perhaps the most extensively studied species, demonstrating nitrogen fixation, biocontrol activity, and plant growth promotion across numerous crop species. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Paenibacillus borealis: Isolated from forest humus, this species contributes to nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems and demonstrates potential for forestry applications. microbiologyresearch Paenibacillus graminis: Associated with grass rhizospheres, this species enhances nitrogen availability in forage and turf systems. frontiersin Additional Info Incomplete Section Finalization Paenibacillus azotofixans is recognized for its agricultural significance as a potent nitrogen fixer and plant growth promoter. Modern molecular biology and field-scale studies have validated its benefits for crop nutrition, environmental sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. The bacterium’s versatility and resilience are supported by its diverse regulatory, metabolic, and stress response mechanisms, which make it compatible across a wide range of soil conditions and crop systems. Laboratory Contaminant Significance Paenibacillus species are widely distributed in natural and built environments, including soil, water, and air. Their ability to form spores and survive harsh conditions means they are frequent laboratory contaminants. In clinical and research laboratories, Paenibacillus can be isolated from surfaces, air, gloves, and sample materials—often as part of sterility testing. Several species, including Paenibacillus contaminans, have been specifically described as contaminants during laboratory plate handling. This is particularly relevant in low-biomass environments, as modern sequencing or culture approaches can easily detect spores or cells introduced during sample processing or from ambient air. The high occurrence of Paenibacillus as a contaminant can result in false-positive results, especially in blood cultures, sterile fluids, or low-biomass samples. Proper sample collection, rigorous sterilization, and careful interpretation of culture results are imperative. Contaminants are often identified retrospectively by phylogenetic and phenotypic analysis and may comprise the majority of positive cultures unless clear clinical evidence of infection is present. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+3 Human Pathogenicity Paenibacillus species are generally regarded as environmental and plant-associated bacteria. However, accumulating evidence shows that a subset can act as opportunistic pathogens in humans—particularly in immunocompromised individuals, neonates, or following traumatic injuries. Human infections are rare but increasingly described in clinical case reports and systematic reviews. Several species implicated in human disease include P. alvei, P. thiaminolyticus, P. lautus, P. provencensis, and others. Infections range from wound infections, abscesses, ocular infections, sepsis, meningitis, and, rarely, endocarditis. Pathogenicity is driven by several factors: Spore formation and environmental resilience: Spores remain viable on skin surfaces and within hospital environments, making transmission and infection possible under specific conditions. d-nb+1 Virulence factors: Some Paenibacillus possess genes for thiol-activated cytolysins, proteases, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial compound production. journals.plos+3 Antibiotic resistance: Many isolates demonstrate resistance to multiple antibiotics, particularly penicillins, clindamycin, sulfonamides, and sometimes vancomycin, calling for careful susceptibility testing. pure.psu+4 Clinical Management Recommendations Management of Paenibacillus infections hinges on accurate diagnosis and effective antimicrobial therapy. As precaution, clinicians should: Differentiate true infection from contamination: Always correlate positive cultures with clinical signs (fever, leukocytosis, infection at the site), especially when Paenibacillus is isolated from blood, sterile fluids, or deep wounds. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 Empiric and directed antibiotic therapy: Initial therapy is empiric, but due to variable resistance patterns, therapy should be adjusted based on susceptibility testing. Effective options typically include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, amikacin, rifampicin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin, while resistance to penicillins, clindamycin, and vancomycin can occur. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may be used for P. urinalis. droracle+6 Remove or drain infection sources: Surgical removal of infected tissues, foreign bodies, or abscess drainage may be necessary in localized infections. Monitor for complications: Especially in infants, Paenibacillus can cause severe complications like meningitis and hydrocephalus, requiring close monitoring and sometimes neurosurgical intervention. thelancet+2 Follow-up and continuity of care: Persistent infections require long-term medical follow-up and sometimes prolonged antibiotic administration. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Current Knowledge of Human Infections Systematic reviews and case series demonstrate that although Paenibacillus species are uncommon human pathogens, the number of species associated with clinical infections is growing. Infection presentations differ notably between adults and infants: Adults: Infections are sporadic, caused by a wide array of species, often present as wound infections, abscesses, or localized sepsis. Central nervous system involvement is rare, and most cases resolve with treatment. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 Infants: Neonatal infections are far more severe, especially with P. thiaminolyticus, and often present as sepsis or meningitis with a high risk of cerebral destruction and hydrocephalus. Mortality rates are notable, and survivors often need surgical intervention for neurological sequelae. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+3 The overall frequency of infection remains low relative to the ubiquity of the genus, indicating that most isolates are contaminants, but vigilance is still warranted for at-risk populations. Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment: Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Paenibacillus Azotofixans and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Dry the coated seeds in shade before sowing or broadcasting in the field. Seedling Treatment: Dip seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams of Paenibacillus Azotofixans with sufficient water. Soil Treatment: Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Paenibacillus Azotofixans with organic manure or fertilizers. Incorporate into the soil during planting or sowing. Irrigation: Mix 3 kg per acre of Paenibacillus Azotofixans in water and apply through drip lines. FAQ What is the significance of Paenibacillus as a potential laboratory contaminant? Answer: Paenibacillus species are among the most frequently isolated laboratory contaminants, especially in low-biomass and sterile sample environments. Their spores persist in air, on surfaces, and even on personal protective equipment, leading to inadvertent contamination of cultures and clinical specimens. Laboratory contaminants can cause diagnostic confusion, particularly when isolated from blood cultures or sterile sites, given the genus’s environmental prevalence. Recognizing Paenibacillus as a contaminant is vital to prevent misdiagnosis, unnecessary antimicrobial therapy, and misleading research conclusions. Rigorous sample handling and critical assessment of laboratory results are essential in distinguishing contamination from true infection. sciencedirect+4 Can Paenibacillus species exhibit pathogenicity in humans? Answer: Although primarily environmental and plant-associated, certain Paenibacillus species can exhibit pathogenicity in humans, particularly in vulnerable populations such as neonates, immunocompromised individuals, or following trauma. Documented infections include sepsis, wound infection, abscesses, meningitis, endocarditis, ocular infections, and rare systemic disease. Species like P. alvei, P. thiaminolyticus, and P. lautus are increasingly identified as clinical pathogens. In neonates, P. thiaminolyticus is notably associated with severe CNS infections. Virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and spore persistence contribute to pathogenic potential, although true infections remain rare compared to environmental contamination. wwwnc.cdc+9 What are the recommended clinical approaches for managing Paenibacillus infections? Answer: Management is guided by accurate diagnosis and susceptibility-directed antimicrobial therapy. Clinicians should distinguish true infection from laboratory contamination, correlate culture results with clinical findings, and employ targeted treatment. Empiric therapy can include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, amikacin, levofloxacin, and rifampicin, but resistance to penicillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and sulfonamides is not uncommon. Susceptibility testing is imperative prior to finalizing antibiotic choice. Additional interventions such as surgical drainage of infected tissues may be necessary. Neonatal and CNS infections require close multidisciplinary management. Long-term monitoring is advised due to the potential for persistent or recurrent infection and post-infectious complications. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+7 What is currently known about human infections caused by Paenibacillus species? Answer: Human Paenibacillus infections, while uncommon, are increasingly recognized in pediatric and adult populations. Infections in adults are sporadic and generally mild, presenting as localized wound infection, abscesses, or sepsis, and most affected individuals recover without severe sequelae. Neonatal infections, especially those due to P. thiaminolyticus, are severe and often complicated by brain injury, hydrocephalus, and require surgical intervention, with notable associated mortality. The rise in documented cases reflects improved detection, growing awareness, and advances in microbiological diagnostics. Nonetheless, the majority of clinical isolates are contaminants rather than true pathogens, highlighting the importance of careful clinical interpretation and management. Ongoing research is elucidating new species, virulence mechanisms, and optimized treatment protocols. sciencedirect+9 Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium japonicum More Products Resources Read all

Bacillus circulans produces indoleacetic acid, solubilizes phosphorus improving absorption, enhances plant growth and yield, safe and eco-friendly. < Microbial Species Bacillus circulans Bacillus circulans produces indoleacetic acid, solubilizes phosphorus improving absorption, enhances plant growth and yield, safe and eco-friendly. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhances nutrient availability in soil Bacillus circulans improves the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, promoting better plant growth. Improves phosphorus uptake by plants Facilitates the solubilization of insoluble phosphates in the soil, making phosphorus more accessible to plants for optimal growth and development. Promotes plant growth and development Produces indoleacetic acid (IAA), a plant growth hormone that enhances root and shoot development, resulting in healthier and more vigorous plants. Enhances resistance to abiotic stress Increases plant tolerance to environmental stressors such as drought, salinity, and temperature fluctuations, improving overall plant resilience. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Introduction to Bacillus circulans: Nature's Multi-Functional Plant Growth Enhancer Bacillus circulans is a versatile Gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium that has earned recognition as one of the most effective plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in sustainable agriculture. Originally described in 1890 by Jordan, this remarkable microorganism demonstrates exceptional abilities in phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, and comprehensive plant health enhancement. Recent taxonomic reclassifications have established that Bacillus circulans is now properly classified as Niallia circulans, reflecting advances in bacterial systematics and phylogenetic analysis. mdpi+4 This beneficial bacterium thrives in diverse soil environments and establishes mutually beneficial relationships with numerous crop species, making it an invaluable component of modern biofertilizer formulations. The organism's unique combination of growth-promoting metabolites, stress tolerance capabilities, and environmental safety positions it as a critical tool for addressing agricultural challenges while promoting ecological sustainability. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Characteristics and Biology of Bacillus circulans Taxonomic Classification and Modern Nomenclature Bacillus circulans has undergone significant taxonomic revision in recent years. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA sequencing and comparative genomics have led to its reclassification as Niallia circulans (Jordan 1890) Gupta et al. 2020. This reclassification reflects the polyphyletic nature of the original Bacillus genus and efforts to create more accurate taxonomic groupings based on evolutionary relationships. gbif+1 The genus Niallia was established to honor Professor Niall A. Logan of Glasgow Caledonian University for his contributions to Bacillus systematics. Members of this genus are facultatively anaerobic, motile, and produce resistant endospores, with optimal growth temperatures ranging from 30-37°C. wikipedia+1 Morphological and Physiological Features Physical Characteristics: Bacillus circulans appears as rod-shaped bacteria measuring approximately 0.5-1.0 × 2.0-5.0 micrometers with rounded ends. The bacteria are motile via peritrichous flagella and form characteristic circular colonies with entire margins on standard growth media. semanticscholar Endospore Formation: Like other Bacillus species, Bacillus circulans produces highly resistant endospores that enable survival under extreme environmental conditions including heat, desiccation, radiation, and chemical stress. This spore-forming capability is crucial for maintaining viability during storage and application in agricultural systems. mdpi+1 Growth Requirements: The bacterium demonstrates remarkable adaptability to various pH levels (5.5-9.0), temperatures (15-45°C), and nutrient conditions. This physiological flexibility enables effective colonization across diverse soil types and climatic conditions. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Metabolic Versatility and Enzyme Production Bacillus circulans produces an impressive array of extracellular enzymes that contribute to its agricultural and industrial significance: kasetsartjournal.ku+1 β-Mannanase Production: The bacterium produces thermostable β-mannanases used in biobleaching, coffee processing, animal feed improvement, and bioethanol production. These enzymes hydrolyze β-1,4-mannosidic linkages in mannan-based polysaccharides, generating valuable manno-oligosaccharides. kasetsartjournal.ku β-Galactosidase Activity: Bacillus circulans produces β-galactosidase enzymes used industrially for galactooligosaccharide (GOS) production from lactose. These prebiotic compounds have significant applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Chitinase and Cellulase Production: The organism secretes various polysaccharide-degrading enzymes including chitinases and cellulases, which contribute to organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling in soil systems. mdpi+1 Additional Info Recommended Crops: Tomato, Banana, Rice Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Seed Dressing 1 Kg seed: 10g Bacillus Circulans + 10g crude sugar Foliar Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Foliar Application 1 Acre dose: 1 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) 1 Acre dose: 1 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 1 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Seed Dressing 1 Kg seed: 10g Bacillus Circulans + 10g crude sugar Foliar Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 1 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Seed Dressing Method Mix Bacillus Circulans with crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry. Coat seeds and dry in shade before sowing / broadcasting / dibbling in the field. Do not store treated / coated seeds for more than 24 hours. Soil Application Method: Mix at recommended doses with compost and apply at early life stages of crop along with other biofertilizers. Mix Bacillus Circulans at recommended doses in sufficient water and drench soil at early leaf stage / 2-4 leaf stage / early crop life cycle. Drip Irrigation: If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add it to the drip tank. For long duration crops / Perennial / Orchard crops: Dissolve Bacillus Circulans at recommended doses in sufficient water and apply as a drenching spray near the root zone twice a year. First application should be before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season, and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Foliar Application Method Apply foliar application at early disease incidence. Conduct 1-2 follow-up sprays at weekly intervals. Mix Bacillus Circulans at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on foliage. Apply twice a year for long duration crops. First application should be before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season, and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Note: Do not store Bacillus Circulans solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. FAQ General Biology and Classification What is the current scientific name for Bacillus circulans? The organism is now properly classified as Niallia circulans (Jordan 1890) Gupta et al. 2020, following comprehensive phylogenetic analyses that led to taxonomic reclassification. However, it remains widely known in agricultural applications as Bacillus circulans. gbif+1 How does Bacillus circulans differ from Bacillus cereus? While both are spore-forming bacteria, Bacillus circulans (now Niallia circulans) is phylogenetically distinct from Bacillus cereus. Bacillus cereus belongs to the cereus group and can cause food poisoning, while Bacillus circulans is non-pathogenic and beneficial for plant growth. The two species differ significantly in their toxin production, metabolic capabilities, and safety profiles. wikipedia+4 Can Bacillus circulans cause infections in humans? Bacillus circulans is generally considered non-pathogenic to humans. Unlike Bacillus cereus, which can cause gastrointestinal illness, Bacillus circulans has no documented association with human disease when used in agricultural applications. However, as with any bacterial product, proper handling and application guidelines should be followed. mdpi Agricultural Applications and Effectiveness Which crops benefit most from Bacillus circulans application? Bacillus circulans is particularly effective for tomatoes, bananas, and rice, as specified in product recommendations. However, research shows benefits across diverse crops including cereals, vegetables, and fruits, especially in phosphorus-deficient soils or under stress conditions. mdpi+2 How quickly can farmers expect results from Bacillus circulans? Initial benefits typically become visible within 2-3 weeks as improved root development and enhanced nutrient uptake. Phosphate solubilization effects can be observed within days of application, while maximum growth promotion benefits develop over 6-8 weeks as bacterial populations establish in the rhizosphere. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih Can Bacillus circulans replace chemical fertilizers completely? While Bacillus circulans significantly enhances nutrient availability and can reduce fertilizer requirements by up to 25%, it works best as part of an integrated nutrient management system. Complete replacement of chemical fertilizers may be possible in organic systems with adequate organic matter and proper management practices. ojs.revistacontribuciones Safety and Compatibility Is Bacillus circulans safe for organic farming? Yes, Bacillus circulans is completely suitable for organic farming systems as it is a naturally occurring, non-GMO bacterium that enhances soil health and plant nutrition through biological processes. indogulfbioag+1 What should farmers avoid when using Bacillus circulans? Bacillus circulans is compatible with bio-pesticides, bio-fertilizers, and plant growth hormones but should not be applied simultaneously with chemical fertilizers or pesticides that may harm bacterial viability. Avoid storage of prepared solutions for more than 24 hours. indogulfbioag How should Bacillus circulans products be stored? Store products in cool, dry conditions away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. The spore-forming nature of Bacillus circulans allows products to maintain stability for up to one year from manufacture date when stored properly. indogulfbioag Technical and Application Questions What is the optimal application method for Bacillus circulans? Application methods include seed dressing (10g per kg seeds), soil application (3-5 kg per hectare), and foliar spray. For long-duration crops and orchards, apply twice yearly before and after monsoon seasons for optimal results. indogulfbioag Can Bacillus circulans be used in hydroponic systems? While traditionally used in soil-based systems, Bacillus circulans can potentially benefit hydroponic cultivation through its phosphate-solubilizing activity and plant hormone production, though specific formulations for soilless systems may require development. How does soil pH affect Bacillus circulans effectiveness? Bacillus circulans functions effectively across a wide pH range (5.5-9.0) but performs optimally in slightly acidic to neutral soils. Its acid-producing activity helps optimize soil conditions for nutrient availability. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Related Products Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bacillus azotoformans Bacillus pumilus Pseudomonas fluorescens Pseudomonas putida Rhodococcus terrae Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza Williopsis saturnus More Products Resources Read all